Immune System and Page Ref

Essentials of figure of speech and Physiology, 9e (Marieb)Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Short resolving emblem 12. 1Using Figure 12. 1, identify the sideline1) A lymph capillary vessel is indicated by letter __________. break up D Diff 2 pageboy ref 4042) A lymph node is indicated by letter __________. attend B Diff 2 rascal reader 4043) The lymph canal is indicated by lettter __________. resolving power A Diff 2 rogue referee 4044) Blood capillaries be indicated by letter __________. divulgecome E Diff 2 rascal reviewer 4045) Lymphatic collecting vessels argon indicated by letter __________. event C Diff 2 page reviewer 404 1 Figure 12. Using Figure 12. 2, identify the avocation6) The quick temper is indicated by letter __________. conclude C Diff 1 sc eitherywag reviewer 4077) The tonsils be indicated by letter __________. arrange A Diff 1 knave reviewer 4078) The genus Thymus gland gland is indicated by letter __________. do B Diff 1 pageboy ref 4079) The Peyers patches argon indicated by letter __________. rejoinder D Diff 1 sc totallyywag referee 40710) The lymphoid electronic organ that destroys wear down line of products cells is indicated by letter __________. make out C Diff 2 page reader 407 211) The lymphoid wavers that lying in wait and remove bacterium that fancy the throat argon indicated by letter __________. dissolver A Diff 2 pageboy ref 407-408 Fill in the blank or provide a short answer12) Lymph runny and some extraction plasma proteins originate (escape) from the _________ _. resolvent blood plasma Diff 2 scalawag reviewer 403-40413) Excess accumulations of mobile, which bollix up the exchange of materials indoors the winds, is called __________. react edema Diff 2 scalawag ref 40314) The fibrous capsule of lymph nodes contains strands called __________ that divide the node into compartments. Answer trabeculae Diff 3 rapscallion ref 40615) Lymph exits the lym ph node via the __________ vessels. Answer efferent lymphatic Diff 2 rascal referee 40616) The office staff of the __________ in the lymphatic brass is to remove worn -out blood cells and lessen some of the products to the liver. Answer lien Diff 2 Page referee 40717) Peyers patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that nourish the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are refer departure to as __________. Answer MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) Diff 3 Page reader 40818) Harmful or illness-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses harbor the be are called __________. Answer pathogens Diff 1 Page reader 40919) The touch on by which WBCs and phagocytes migrate to an area experiencing acute inflammation is called __________. Answer chemotaxis Diff 3 Page reader 41120) The serve up by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls is called __________. Answer diapedesis Diff 2 Page reviewer 412 321) The bind of complement proteins to sure sugar or proteins on a immaterial cells surf ace is called __________. Answer complement fixation Diff 3 Page Ref 41322) sensation effect of complement fixation that causes the cell membranes of foreign cells to become viscous so that they are easier to phagocytize is called __________.Answer opsonization Diff 3 Page Ref 41323) Cells stud with protein molecules found on our own cells that do non start an resistive reply within us (but may within others) are called __________. Answer self-antigens (autoantigens) Diff 1 Page Ref 41624) Troublesome small molecules or neither antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than preventative are called __________. Answer haptens Diff 3 Page Ref 41625) When an antigen binds to B cell wax receptors, it becomes sensitized (activated) and undergoes __________. Answer clonal selection Diff 3 Page Ref 41826) When B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against t hem, we exhibit __________. Answer active unsusceptibility Diff 2 Page Ref 42027) Antibodies constitute an important part of blood proteins and are also referred to as __________. Answer immunoglobulins Diff 2 Page Ref 42128) The five major(ip) immunoglobulin classes are __________. Answer IgM, immunoglobulin A, IdD, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin E Diff 1 Page Ref 42229) The binding of antibodies to specific orders on bacterial exotoxins or viruses is called __________. Answer neutralisation re exercise Diff 2 Page Ref 42430) The clumping of foreign cells, a type of antigen-antidead be reaction, is called __________.Answer agglutinating activity Diff 2 Page Ref 42431) Killer T cells, which put to death virus-invaded automobile trunk cells, are also called __________. Answer cytotoxic T cells Diff 3 Page Ref 425 432) Antigens that produce abnormally vigorous resistant responses whereby the immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived threat that would oth erwise be harmless are called __________. Answer allergens or hypersensitivities Diff 2 Page Ref 43033) Systemic ( consistencywide) acute supersensitized response ca apply by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain(a) bee stings or spider bites, is called __________.Answer anaphylactic shock Diff 2 Page Ref 43034) support cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called __________. Answer helper T cells Diff 2 Page Ref 43135) A tropical malady that results when parasitic worms clog the lymphatic vessels is called __________. Answer elephantiasis Diff 2 Page Ref 431Multiple Choice1) The legato that is forced out of the capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and into the tissue spaces is called A) arterial blood B) venous blood C) plasma D) interstitial fluid E) lymph Answer E Diff 1 Page Ref 403-4042) Lymph flows A) in a circular pattern within the tissues B) away from the heart and soul unaccompanied C) toward the hear t only D) both toward and away from the heart E) into the capillaries Answer C Diff 1 Page Ref 4043) Lymph from the left arm would return to the heart through the A) inferior vena cava B) thoracic duct C) right lymphatic duct D) left subclavian artery E) aorta Answer B Diff 3 Page Ref 404 406 54) Which unrivalled of the future(a) is non a implement that aids lymph return A) milking action of skeletal muscles B) pressure changes within the thorax C) the pumping action of the heart D) smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels E) presence of valves within the bigger lymph vessels Answer C Diff 1 Page Ref 4045) Which one of the following is NOT true of lymph nodes A) they remove foreign materials from the lymph fluid B) they have valves similar to those found in veins C) they contain lymphocytes D) they act as filters along the lymphatic vessels E) they contain macrophages Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 405-4066) Which lymphatic organs major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver A) tonsils B) spleen C) genus Thymus gland D) tonsils E) Peyers patches Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 407 ) Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat A) axillary lymph nodes B) cervical lymph nodes C) tonsils D) Peyers patches E) thymus gland Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 4088) Which one of the following is NOT a type of lymphoid organ A) spleen B) thymus gland C) tonsils D) extension E) Peyers patches Answer D Diff 2 Page Ref 407-408 69) The lymph organ that programs T cells and functions at peak levels only during young is the A) thymus B) spleen C) appendix D) tonsils E) Peyers patches Answer A Diff 2 Page Ref 40810) The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called A) tonsils B) appendix C) Peyers patches D) thymus tissues E) intestinal nodes Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 40811) Which of these lymphoid organs is found along the left side of the type AB cavity A) spleen B) Peyers patche s C) thymus gland D) tonsils E) axillary lymph nodes Answer A Diff 1 Page Ref 40712) Musoca-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes A) spleen B) thymus gland C) tonsils only D) tonsils and Peyers patches E) tonsils and spleen Answer D Diff 3 Page Ref 40813) The bodys first line of defense against the invasion of disease -causing microorganisms is A) phagocytes B) lowlifecel killer cells C) skin and mucous membranes D) incendiary response E) fever Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 409 714) Compared to the nonspecific chemics that cover body surfaces and mucous membranes, the specific body defense system is A) faster B) sluggish C) the resembling speed D) sometimes faster and sometimes s demoralize E) not comparable in speed Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 40915) Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses A) intact skin B) antibody production C) the inflammatory response D) fever E) innate killer cells Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 409-41516) The process by which neut rophils are squeezed through the capillary wall s during the inflammatory process is called A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) diapedesis D) coagulation E) antibody production Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 41217) Which one of the following is NOT one of the quartette most cat valium indic ators of the inflammatory response A) redness B) love C) ball D) fever E) pain Answer D Diff 1 Page Ref 410-41218) The migration of phagocytes and white blood cells to an inflamed area along a chemical gradient is called A) diapedesis B) chemotaxis C) resistor D) perforins E) complement fixationAnswer B Diff 2 Page Ref 411 819) The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following leave out A) dilate blood vessels B) attract phagocytes to the area C) stimulate release of muramidase D) cause capillaries to become leaky E) activate pain receptors Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 411-41220) Tissues invaded by viruses, which attempt to replicate themselves by taking over cellu lar machinery, secrete small proteins called __________ to protect nigh cells and hinder further multiplication of the viruses. A) histamine B) interferon C) kinins D) interleukins E) pyrogens Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 413 41521) The bodys temperature-regulating thermostat that can be reset upward in response to pyrogens is located in the A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) pineal gland D) cerebellum E) medulla oblongata Answer A Diff 1 Page Ref 41522) Fever has the effect of doing all of the following EXCEPT A) denaturing (scrambling) proteins B) impact the liver and spleen to gather up iron and zinc C) increasing metabolic rate of tissue cells D) stimulating complement fixation E) speeding up rep ship processes Answer D Diff 3 Page Ref 41523) The study of privilege is called A) histology B) anatomy C) pathology D) immunology E) microbiology Answer D Diff 1 Page Ref 415 924) Which of the following substances is NOT typically perceived as an antigen A) pollen grains B) bacteria C) self -antigens D) kingdom Fungi E) virus particles Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 41625) Which one of the following CANNOT be tell about the history of unsusceptibility A) the ancient Greeks knew something existed within the body to protect it from infectious disease B) scientists of the 1800s discovered factors now called antibodies C) scientists of the 1800s demonstrated that immune blood serum could protect another animal from diseaseD) scientists of the mid-1900s discovered the viral origin of help E) scientists of the mid-1900s discovered that injection of serum containing antibodies did NOT always protect a recipient from disease Answer D Diff 2 Page Ref 41526) Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be A) clonal B) incompetent C) immune D) immunocompetent E) complemented Answer D Diff 3 Page Ref 41627) The specific foreign substances that an individuals immune system has the strength to recognize and resist is determined by A) individual vulnerability to the specific foreign substance B) individual genetic makeup C) the score round of lymphocytes present at a given time D) the contribute number of macrophages at a given time E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time Answer B Diff 3 Page Ref 41728) Which one of the following is NOT true of macrophages A) they are considered the big eaters of the immune system B) they engulf foreign particles C) they circulate constantly throughout the body D) they act as antigen presenters E) they secrete monokines Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 418 1029) B cells develop immunocompetence in the A) thymus gland B) organise marrow C) spleen D) thyroid gland gland E) lymph nodes Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 41730) The specific type of acquired immunity that a foetus obtains from maternal antibodies that cross the placenta is called A) course acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) ar tificially acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) artificially acquired natural immunity Answer B Diff 1 Page Ref 42031) What specific type of acquired immunity do vaccines provide A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) naturally acquired artificial immunity Answer C Diff 1 Page Ref 42032) Vaccines are NOT for A) pneumonia B) tetanus C) measles D) snake bites E) polio Answer D Diff 2 Page Ref 42033) Immune sera are used for all of the following EXCEPT A) tuberculosis B) rabies C) snake bites D) botulism E) tetanus Answer A Diff 2 Page Ref 421 1134) Which one of the following is NOT true of basic antibody structure A) they consist of quad aminic acid chains B) they are linked together by disulfide bonds C) the unsounded chains are identicalD) the heavy chains are about cd amino acids long E) the light chains are often of diffe ring lengths Answer E Diff 3 Page Ref 421-42235) Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies A) they are the same or nearly the same B) they form the stem of an antibody C) they determine the specific type of antibody class organise D) they form an antigen-binding site E) they determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role Answer D Diff 3 Page Ref 42236) Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes A) IgA B) IgB C) immunoglobulin D D) immunoglobulin G E) IgE Answer B Diff 1 Page Ref 42237) IgA A) is mainly found in mucus and discriminations such as disunite and saliva B) is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy C) is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma D) can fix complement E) is involved in allergies Answer A Diff 3 Page Ref 42338) Which one of the following is NOT a method by which antibodies inactivate antigen s A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipit ation Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 423-424 1239) The specific antibody class that has the ability to cross the eutherian mammal barrier and provide immunity to the fetus is A) IgM B) IgA C) immunoglobulin D D) IgG E) IgE Answer D Diff 2 Page Ref 422-42340) The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation Answer D Diff 2 Page Ref 42441) Antigen intromission is essential for the activation and clonal selection of A) T cells B) B cells C) plasma cell D) antigen-presenting cells E) antibodies Answer A Diff 2 Page Ref 42542) An isograft is a tissue graft donated by A) an unrelated person B) a put up C) a different animal species D) the same person E) an identical equal Answer E Diff 2 Page Ref 42743) Which one of the following is NOT a type of immunosuppressive therapy given after procedure t o prevent rejection of a graft A) corticosteroids B) radiation C) antiproliferative drugs D) gamma globulin E) immunosuppressive drugs Answer D Diff 2 Page Ref 429 1344) With immediate hypersensitivy, the antibody class that binds to mast cells and basophils that trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals is A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer E Diff 2 Page Ref 422-42345) Allergic tactual sensation dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally black market to A) immediate hypersensitivity B) acute hypersensitivity C) delayed hypersensitivity D) anaphylactic shock E) immunodeficiency Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 43146) The relatively common autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxine is called A) multiple sclerosis B) Graves disease C) myasthenia gravis D) glomerulonephritis E) systemic lupus erythematosis Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 42947) Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease A) assist B) mu ltiple sclerosisC) Graves disease D) type I diabetes mellitus E) rheumatoid arthritis Answer A Diff 2 Page Ref 429True/False1) The flaplike minivalves of the lymph capillaries act like one -way swinging doors that allow lymph fluid to enter the lymph capillaries but not exit. Answer dead on target Diff 2 Page Ref 4042) The daughter cells of B cells, called plasma cells, release antibodies. Answer adjust Diff 2 Page Ref 418 143) Lymph in the right arm is returned to the heart via the right lymphatic duct. Answer trustworthy Diff 2 Page Ref 4044) The thymus gland, found around the trachea, programs certain lymphocytes. Answer mendacious Diff 2 Page Ref 4085) The tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, and Peyers patches are referred to as mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT). Answer FALSE Diff 2 Page Ref 4086) essential killers are unique phagocytic defense cells that can kill cancer cells and virus infected body cells well to begin with the immune system i s activated. Answer FALSE Diff 2 Page Ref 4107) Some pathologists consider limitation of joint vogue to be an additional fifth cardinal sign of inflammation. Answer trustworthy Diff 1 Page Ref 4128) The final disposal of cell rubble as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils. Answer FALSE Diff 3 Page Ref 4129) The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation. Answer authoritative Diff 1 Page Ref 41310) Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens. Answer TRUE Diff 1 Page Ref 41511) Fever is a systemic response triggered by pyrogens. Answer TRUE Diff 2 Page Ref 41512) Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from hemocytoblasts contained within red bone marrow. Answer TRUE Diff 3 Page Ref 41613) Macrophages arise from monoctyes formed within the bone marrow. Answer TRUE Diff 2 Page Ref 418 1514) Extremel y vitiated pathogens that are still alive are attenuated. Answer TRUE Diff 2 Page Ref 42015) Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when o ne receives immune serum for poisonous snake bites. Answer TRUE Diff 3 Page Ref 42116) Antibodies are also referred to as immunoglobulins. Answer TRUE Diff 1 Page Ref 42117) There are trinity major immunoglobulin classes IgM, IgA , and IgD. Answer FALSE Diff 2 Page Ref 42218) The antibody a mother passes to her fetus is IgM. Answer FALSE Diff 3 Page Ref 422-42319) The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination. Answer TRUE Diff 2 Page Ref 42420) Memory cells are descendants of an activated B or T cell. Answer TRUE Diff 3 Page Ref 42721) An antibody is a substance capable of provoking an immune response. Answer FALSE Diff 2 Page Ref 41622) Tissue grafts harvested from an unrelated person are called xenografts. Answer FALSE Diff 1 Page Ref 42723) Allografts are tissue grafts taken from an unrelate d person. Answer TRUE Diff 2 Page Ref 42724) Allergies, or hypersensitivities, are normal immune responses. Answer FALSE Diff 2 Page Ref 43025) Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system loses its ability to tolerate self antigens while still recognizing and attaching foreign antigens. Answer TRUE Diff 3 Page Ref 429 1626) Our immune system can be affected by severe stress. Answer TRUE Diff 1 Page Ref 435 Matching Match the following descriptions with the appropriate lymphoid organ or tissue1) Located on the left side of the A) thymus gland abdominal cavity Diff 1 Page Ref 407 B) spleen2) entrap and remove bacteria and pathogens entering the throat Diff 2 Page Ref 408 C) Peyers patches D) tonsils3) Located overlying the heart Diff 1 Page Ref 4084) Filters and cleanses the blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris Diff 2 Page Ref 407-4085) Located in the wall of the small intestines Diff 1 Page Ref 4086) Located in the pharynx (throat) Diff 1 1) B Page Ref 408 2) D 3) A 4) B 17 5) C 6) D Match the following defensive mechanism with its associated element7) Traps microorganisms in A) nasal hairs respiratory and digestive tracts Diff 1 Page Ref 409 B) mucus C) acid mantle8) Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract Diff 1 Page Ref 409 E) keratin ) Contains lysozyme Diff 2 D) lacrimal secretions F) cilia Page Ref 409 G) substantiateic juice10) Provides resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes Diff 1 Page Ref 40911) Filters and traps microorganisms within inhaled air Diff 1 Page Ref 40912) Contains concentrated hydrochloric acid and protein-digested enzymes that destroy pathogens within the stomach Diff 1 Page Ref 40913) Propels debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages Diff 1 7) B 13) F Page Ref 409 8) C 9) D 10) E 18 11) A 12) G Match the following biological function with its antibody class14) Believed to be cell surface A) IgD receptor of immunocompetent B cell Diff 3 Page Ref 422-423 B) IgG C) IgA15) First immunoglobulin class released to plasma by plasma cells during native response Diff 3 Page Ref 422-423 D) IgM E) IgE16) Main antibody of particular and secondary responses Diff 3 Page Ref 422-42317) Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens Diff 3 Page Ref 422-42318) Triggers the release of histamine Diff 3 Page Ref 422-42319) manly agglutinating agent Diff 3 Page Ref 422-42320) Crosses placenta and provides passive immunity to fetus Diff 3 14) A 20) B Page Ref 422-423 15) D 6) B 17) C 18) E 19) DEssay1) Explain the origin and pathway of lymph. Answer Lymph fluid arises from blood plasma that has been forced out of the capillary beds by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. The fluid left behind is called interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid is then picked up by lymph capillaries, after which it is called lymph. Lymph is routed up the lymphatic vessels until it is in the long run returned to the venous system through either the right lymp hatic duct or the thoracic duct. Diff 2 Page Ref 403-404 192) Describe the methods the body uses to help return lymph to the heart.Answer The return of lymph to the heart is aided by 1. the milking action of the skeletal muscles, 2. pressure changes in the thorax during brea thing, 3. smooth muscles in the walls of the larger lymphatics contract rhythmically. Diff 1 Page Ref 404-4053) Describe several of the protective chemicals produced by the skin and mucous membranes. Answer Skin produces acid secretions that debar bacterial growth, and sebum contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria. Vaginal secretions are highly acidic. The stomach mucosa secretes hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes, both of which can kill pathogens. Saliva and tear contain lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys bacteria. Mucus is a sticky mucous membrane secretion that traps microorganisms. Diff 2 Page Ref 4094) Identify the quaternary most common indicators and major symptoms of an acute inflamm atory response and explain their origins. Answer The four most common indicators of the inflammatory response are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Redness and heat are a result of dilation of blood vessels that increase blood flow to the injured area. Swelling occurs when increa sed permeability of the capillaries allows plasma to leak from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. The excess fluid, or edema, triggers the activation of pain receptors in the area, news report for the pain associated with an injury. Diff 2 Page Ref 410-4125) List and describe the cells and chemicals the body uses as its second line of defense. Answer 1. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils or macrophages, engulf foreign particles. These cells are in nearly every body organ and confront pathoge ns that make it through the surface membrane barriers. 2. Natural killer cells, found in blood and lymph, are lymphocytes. They can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. 3. The inflammatory respo nse is a nonspecific response that occurs when body tissues are injured. Diff 2 Page Ref 409-4116) Describe the four major types of transplant grafts. Answer Autografts are tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another within the same person. Isografts are tissue grafts harves ted from a genetically identical person (identical twin). Allografts are tissue grafts harvested from an unrelated person. Xenografts are tissue grafts harvested from different animal species. Diff 2 Page Ref 4277) Explain three current theories that attempt to explain why self-tolerance breaks down in autoimmune disorders.Answer Inefficient lymphocyte programming is one theory that suggests self-reactive B or T cells escape to the rest of the body. Another theory is that self -proteins egress within the circulation that were not previously exposed to the immune system, thus initiating an immune response. These hidden antigens are found in sperm cells, the eye lens, and thyroid proteins. Another theory is that antibodies produced against fore ign antigens cross-react with self-antigens such as when streptococcal bacteria crossreact with heart antigens causing rheumatic fever. Diff 3 Page Ref 429 20