Deviance: Nature vs. Nurture Essay

Ein truth nightclub has developed their own rules and principles, and every society contains those who break away from these norms and expectations. These muckle are c bothed deviants. All societies throughout memoir have had these deviants who ref physical exercise to follow the rules set up by the confederation in which they live. Deviance is necessary, to nearly degree, for societies to advance. Without deviance, hu macrocosm culture would stagnate. The causes of deviance, like umteen other topics, is up for debate. Some study population are genetically determined to either be deviant or not, some say deviance is caused by the environment in which they grow up nature, or nurture. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many families were analyze in order to possibly find a connection amidst heredity and criminality or feeble-mindedness (feeble-mindedness was a term used in this time period that could mean a number of things various forms of intellectual retard ation, learning disabilities, and mental illness). The two most well- known studies were of the Jukes and the Kallikak families.The Jukes were first analyze in 1874 when a sociologist named Richard L. Dugdale studied the records of 13 prisons in New York. subsequently exploreing a number of convicts genealogies, he found that there was a man, whom he gave the name Max, born somewhere between 1720 and 1740 who was the ancestor of 76 convicted criminals, 18 brothel owners, 120 prostitutes, over 200 people on welfare, and 2 cases of feeble-mindedness. In 1912, another study was published on the Jukes, this time by a man named Arthur H. Estabrook, who claimed Dugdales study hadnt been thorough enough. Estabrook added more than than 2,000 additional people into the group of subjects included under the pseudonym Jukes, increase the total to 2,820. The Kallikak family was first studied in the same year as the last study on the Jukes was published. Henry H. Goddard was an American psyc hologist who ran the New jersey Home for the Education and Care of Feebleminded Children (now known as Vineland reproduction School).In 1912, he began to study the genealogy of a woman in his facility, who he gave the pseudonym Deborah Kallikak. Goddard found that the womans commodious-great-great grandfather, Martin Kallikak, a extremist War hero, at one point had an illegitimate child with a feeble-minded barmaid. This child, a son, had children of his own, who had their own children, and move on through the generations. These descendants all wound up poor, insane, criminal, or mentally retarded. However, by and by further research into Martin Kallikaks family tree, Goddard found that his other descendants, those not related to the feeble-minded barmaid, were completely different. These children grew up to be intelligent, prosperous, upright citizens they went into careers like doctors, lawyers, and ministers. According to Dugdale, Estabrook, and Goddard, there is a very cle ar link between genetics and the behavior in which a person participates within their lifetime. These studies, however, are 100 years old.Some people would argue that unless more modern research is devoted to genetic-based deviance, that we cannot con postr these studies binding today. There has been a significant amount of study given to genetically caused deviance, in particular to the MAOA gene. In a few different studies the low-expression pains of this gene, known as MAOA-L, has been linked to an increased risk of violence and hard-hitting behavior. The MAOA gene controls the production of monoamine oxidase A, an enzyme that lowers the bodys use of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin. When the MAOA-L gene is present in a person, their body will use more of these neurotransmitters than normal, this can lead to sleep disorders, excessively impulsive or violent behaviors, and extreme mood swings. A 2006 study, headed by Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, found that people with the MAOA-L gene were more likely to have a smaller limbic system. The limbic system includes the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and the limbic cortex. These parts of the brain befriend to control emotion, behavior, and long-term memory.The study as well as found that the amygdala became hyper responsive when the participants with the MAOA-L gene were given a task such as write a facial expression. The amygdala is a part of what controls emotional bear upon in the brain the researchers hypothesized that this group would be less likely to prevent strong emotional impulses. Studies such as these can give great support to the nature side of the deviance debate. On the nurture side of the argument, numerous studies on the effects of a divorce or small home on a child have led to some convincing statistics. Children of divorced parents are about two times more likely to drop out of high school than those whose parents continued to be together. Females who grew up in a family where the parents divorced are roughly doubly as likely to become teenage mothers than those living with non-divorced, biological parents. 70 percent of long- term convicted criminals were raised in a broken home. enchantment 75% of juvenile criminals who are considered a threat to the public also came from a divorced family. A perfect example of deviance be a result of environment and not genetics is a man named Richard Ramirez. Ramirez was born in 1960 and was the youngest of six children he and his siblings all grew up touch by the same home environment. The difference for Richard being that around cristal years old, his cousin, Mike, became a role model after returning from the contend in Vietnam and receiving numerous awards and medals. However, Mike was not a positive entice on Ramirez he showed Richard pictures of women in Vietnam whom he raped, and then showed him pictures of the same women after they had been brutally murdered.Mike taught Richard how to hunt effectively, and eventually introduced him to drugs and theft. What many consider the lowest trigger for Ramirez, about 11 years old at the time, was when he witnessed Mike kill his wife. In 1983 Richard Ramirez moved to the Los Angeles, California area before long after, in June of 1984, Ramirez claimed his first victim. The Night Stalker, as he was eventually labeled, continued on a string of murders, rapes, and mutilations until he was incarcerated in August of 1985. Ramirez was convicted of 13 murders, 5 attempted murders, 11 sexual assaults, and 14 burglaries. He is presently on death row.