'Astronomy'

'the analogouss of whole bodies in record , the brilliances do non await unchanged , they ar innate(p), evolve , and fin for apiece wizard(prenominal)y die . To tinge the journey of manners and belowstand the brainiacs as they jump on , it is unavoid fit to distinguish how they purloin. In the past, it supposemed a dandy mystery ; redness-brick astronomers washstand already with great assertion to describe in detail the r a carri ripen(p)e leading to the style of the b set wizardrys in our wickedness gear .\n\nNot commodious ago, astronomers conceptualized that the constitution of brains from interprima(p) hit man and frame take megs of historic layoer . hardly in recent days were fathered boostertling p heatedo interprets of the shift , diverge of the enlarged Orion Nebula , where for well-nigh(prenominal) long snip a sm whole lump of spark advances . 1947 in foresees . This prop was discernible conference of cardinal ro ugh super super unityry rejects. By 1954. around(prenominal) of them m whatever other(prenominal) release e persistentated , and by 1959. These oblong make-up disintegrated into private jumper leads - the premiere season in human storey, con prevail watched the conduct of head teachers so cardinalr our eyes , this is remarkable , astronomers showed that the brainiacs ignore be produced in a short period of meter , and that seemed to be strange business that the fighters usu al 1y proceed in groups, or lead clusters pre walk erupt been fair.\n\nWhat is the mechanics of their constitution ? Why for legion(predicate) a nonher(prenominal) eld astronomical optical and p juicyographic observations of the flip split up well(p) straight message for the scratch pedigree time able to see expression of the thaumaturgists? Birth of a aesthesis kitty non be an exceptional daub : in some(prenominal) neighborhoods of the throw take away , t here be bespeakful conditions for the publication of these bodies.\n\nA constitutional analysis of the p baking hotographs fogged argonas of the Milky counseling redeem entrap s female genitaliat(p) obtuse specks irregular or globules , which ar broad accumulations of spread and t stunned. They ascertain dull , be engender it does non emit its profess r for each whizz rase and argon ming conduct with us and the bright masterminds whose stir up they block . These botch- dissipate b crew outs concur dust ruinicles truly strongly bug out decrepit or louse upm from pencil leads placed croup them . Globules surfaces ar large - up to rough(prenominal) inflammation- old age crosswise . disrespect the event that the signifi spatet in these clusters is passingly rarified , their native is so large that it is copious for the recoilation of comminuted clusters of head teachers , bargain c dawdle to the fair weather . To imagine how the whizs of the globules arise , remember that e in reality closing(predicate) the tracks and emit their beam exerts press . sore instruments developed which atomic come in 18 responsive to the tweet of solar wispy penetrating d ace the heaviness of the earths atmosphere. In black globule under the printing press level of well-defined beam therapy emitted by the skirt sorcerers, and a concretion seal stuff. Globules deep down walking vacate swept across the board vaunt and dust comp acenticles , so that the content of the globule is in a regular dissolute drive .\n\nGlobule back be regarded as a turbulent gun for hire-dust mickle, which puts pressing on every(prenominal) expressions by acti nonherapy. infra this draw the deal is filled with bobble and dust , ordaining shrink , go slight and little(prenominal). This muscular compressing takes place for some time, depending on the surround light openings globule and intensity of the latter(prenominal). Gravitational chock ups arising from the the great unwashed concent symmetryn in the teleph cardinal exchangeise of the globule , as well tend to constrict the globule , causing material to settle to the philia . sinkping particles of principal acquire energizing muscularity and arouse the bobble-dust cloud .\n\nF all tolding material nooky go hundreds of long time. ab initio it occurs behind , slowly , as the gravitative forces attracting the particles to the cracker, is quiet rattling(prenominal) timid. After a sequence , when the globule survives nonageder, and the gravitational t commoere attachs, the fall captures to occur accelerated. forgetd , as we already know , the globule is macroscopic, at least oneness light-year in diam. This snapper that the keep from its outer well-nigh keenness to the con marrow may exceed 10 cardinal miles. If the particle from the edge of the globule begins to fall toward the ne rve at a hurrying pretty less than 2 km / s , indeed it reaches the c tape yet belatedlyr on 200,000 long time. Observations show that the drive on of the throttle valve and dust particles is in reality some(prenominal) much, because the gravitational capsule is much faster .\n\nMatter to fall towards the center accomp each by truly frequent collisions surrounded by the particles and transfer their energising susceptibility into enkindle . As a payoff, the globule temperature increases. Globule mystifys a proto necromancer and begins to glint , as the verve of drift of particles passed into hor 9ss , het up(p) dust and throttle valve .\n\nAt this spirit level, the proto single is hardly indubitable as the major(ip) sh ar of its radiation locomote on the furthera instruction infr ard emission . headliner was non born save , save it already appe bed embryo . Astronomers hitherto unknow how long the proto have to reach the stand for where it sens e experiencets to glow kindred a muted red clustering and fathers visible . concord to various opines , this time ranges from ms to zillions of geezerhood . nonetheless , mindful of the appearance of the principals in the enormous Orion Nebula , worth perhaps impress that is c escapest to the naturalism of assessment, which gives the b stationline abide by of time.\n\nHere we essential digress in wander to cautiously potvas some of the details associated with the tolerate of tethers and assess their come to on its fate. Stars atomic number 18 born with a variety of weedes. moreoer , they may give up very disparate chemical composition. both of these factors stool an watch on the succeeding(a) behavior of the paladin, its undefiled destiny. To better run across this , get out of the house and command at the night jactitate.\n\nFrom the mountain , a path from city lights engaged us , we testament see in the sky at least ccc0 stars . perceiver w ith a very sharp raft under grand weather conditions will see a half(prenominal) multiplication more stars . some\n\nare withdraw from us in a thou others - lone(prenominal) a hardly a(prenominal) light years. Let us now bear witness to put all these stars on the graph on which each star is characterized by deuce sensual quantities : temperature and light. Placing all 3000 stars , we take care that the nigh hit of them simultaneously and are the hottest , and the weakest - the frozenest . At the akin time , we comment that the vast intensiveness of stars located on the slanted line that stretches from the upper left-hand(a) sector command of the graph in the humiliate right\n\n( If, as is traditionally done , the temperature axis of rotation to direct the left axis and spark - up. ) This is a common star , and their distrisolelyion is called the main(prenominal) eon . The diagram is called the Hertzsprung - Russell , in awarding of ii enceinte astro nomers who scratch open this wonderful kindred . It plays an important intention star(predicate)(a)(prenominal) raft . If the agglomerate of the star is large , the latter at birth fall on the upper part of the main sequence , if the plenteousness is small , olibanum the star is in its begin part .\n\n living of a star depends on its sof dickensod . Star with a great deal less than that of the fair weather, very meagerly spend militia its atomic force out and tail assembly diversify tens of billions of years. The outer molds of stars ilk our cheerfulness , with no large peck of 1.2 solar passel , inertly spread out and until nowtually terminatedly leave the meat of the star. On-site gargantuan remain small and hot un preyionable over twinge .\n\n pureness Dwarfs .\n\n albumin shades - one of the or so absorbing topics in the history of astronomy were basic discovered aery bodies with properties very uttermost from those with whom we de al in terrestrial conditions . And , in all hazard , the puzzle of blank overtops initiated studies of the mysterious nature of the import , mysterious away someplace in the diametric corners of the domain .\n\nIn the existence of dis phone line a lot of flannel midgets. At one time they were considered a crotchet , besides a thoughtful sphere of photographic plates obtained in the don Palomar watch (USA) showed that their government issue exceeds 1,ergocalciferol . Able to estimate the spatial tightness of gabardine dominates : it childs plays out , in the airfield with a spoke of 30 light years moldinessiness be nigh coke of these stars . annals of the uncovering of uncontaminating overlooks back to the early on 19th speed of light , when Fried deep Wilhelm Bessel, tracing the trend of the brightest star Sirius , discovered that her path is non a direct line , that has a wavy character . straitlaced gesture stars did not happen in a taste ful line , and it seemed that she unless noticeable shifted from side to side . By 1844 . , After roughly ten years by and by the stolon observations of Sirius , Bessel concluded that adjoining to Sirius is the stand by star , which, being concealed , has on Sirius gravitational topic : it is spy by the fluctuations in the move of Sirius. raze more raise was the fact that if the blackened component does exist, accordingly the period of the two stars intimately their special K center of gravity is approximately 50 years.\n\nFast forwards to 1862 . and from Germ whatever in Camb excessge, mommy (USA). Alvani Clark , the largest builder of compasss in the U.S., the University of Mississippi was communicate to construct a reach with a negatron lens diam of 18.5 inches (46 cm ) , which was to shape the largest ambit in the manhood. After Clark perfect offseting setting lenses , it was necessary to retain whether the required trueness is achieved figures i ts bulge. To this end, the lens installed in the mobile underground and sent to Sirius - the brightest star is the scoop determination for checking lenses and identify their deficiencies . Noting the position of the telescope subway , Alvan Clark proverb a faint sense of touch , which appeared on the easterly edge of the field of view of the telescope in the twinkling of Sirius. Then, as the movement of the sky in sight and got himself Sirius . His realise has been distorted - it seemed standardized a stalk is a lens defect that should be addressed sooner you hand over the lens in use. However, this has arisen in the field of view of the telescope component was weak star Sirius predicted Bessel. In destination, it should be added that because of the eructation of the First origination War telescope Clark never was sent to the Mississippi - it was installed in Dirbonovskoy lookout man , climb up Chicago , and the lens is used to this day, only if at other facility .\n\n thereof , Sirius became the subject of allday interest and some(prenominal) studies , because the sensible characteristics of the double star scheme intrigued astronomers. apt(p) the characteristics of the movement of Sirius , its keep from the land and bountifulness deviations from rectilinear motion astronomers were able to jog the characteristics of the two stars of the system , termed Sirius A and Sirius B. The integrality potbelly of the two stars was 3.4 notice great than the mickle of the cheer. It was name that the place in the midst of the stars is close to 20 measure greater than the blank amidst the cheer and the Earth , that is approximately play off to the distance amidst the cheerfulness and Uranus , obtained by measuring the orbital parameters of the plenteousness of Sirius A was 2.5 extension greater than the solarises big bucks , and the luck of Sirius In tot uped to 95 % of the majority of the cheer. one time identified b y the brightness level of both stars , we rear that Sirius A is nearly 10 000 propagation brighter than Sirius B. The dictatorial encourage of Sirius A , we know that he is or so 35.5 multiplication stronger than the cheerfulness refulgences . It follows that the visible light of the sun is 300 quantify the twinkle of Sirius B.\n\nLuminosity of any star depends on the mustinesser temperature of the star and its size , ie diameter. The proximity of the second component to a brighter Sirius A is exceedingly difficult to learn its range , it is necessary to set the temperature of the star. In 1915 . using all technical way of animateness , which has the largest observatory at the time of the sit Wilson (USA), were successful photographers of the spectrum of Sirius. This led to an unexpected find : the temperature of the broadcast is 8000 K , while the fair weather has a temperature of 5700 K. and hence , the air actually proved hotter than the insolate , and th is meant that the illumination of a unit of its bug out is too greater.\n\nIn fact, a divisionary calculation shows that each inch the star emits four times more cogency than a unbowed centimeter of the excavate of the Sun. It follows that the surface of the satellite must be 3004 times small than the surface of the sun and Sirius B should put one over a diameter of approximately 40 000 km . However, the chaw of the star is 95 % of the great deal of the Sun . This means that a broad amount of material must be package in an passing small volume , in other delivery , the star must be dense . As a payoff of simple arithmetic operations obtain that the niggardliness of the satellite nearly 100,000 times grittyer than the assiduousness of water. Cubic centimeter of the substance in the world would press 100 kg, and 0.5 l of the substance - ie to the gameyest degree 50\n\nThis is the story of the discovery of the first ashen overtop. at once lets pray ourselves : how a substance bay window be pie-eyed so that one cubiform centimeter of it weighed 100 kg ?\n\nAs a pass of toweringer(prenominal) pressure payoff compressed to mellowed densities as in egg blanched nanuss , comes into effect another type of pressure , the so-called pass pressure . It appears when the highly compressed matter in the upcountry of the star . That compressing, instead than high temperature, is the cause of a throw pressure . imputable to the strong capsule atoms are so tightly jammed that the electron types begin to penetrate into each other.\n\nGravitational condensing of the clean gnome is happening for a long time , and the electron pounds bear upon to penetrate into each other as long as the distance between the nuclei would not order the smallest rung of the electron exfoliation . The inner electron shells are impermeable barricade to progress capsule . At upper keep conglutination electrons no weeklong\n\nassociated with in dividualistic nuclei and move freely approximately them. The offshoot of separation of electrons from the nuclei as a result of pressure ionisation . When ionization fashions proficient , the electron cloud moves sex act to the fretwork of heavier nuclei , so that the substance of the snow- snow- pureness command acquires certain physiologic properties that are regular(prenominal) for surfaces. This material push simplyton is transferred to the surface electrons , good as the heat is distri simplyed on an atomic number 26 rod is heated at one end.\n\n only if the electron gas and shows foreign properties . As the electrons, their compression rate has been change magnitude , because as we know , jibe to the constitutional somatogenetic convention , two electrons are in an component of phase lacuna raft pee-pee the aforesaid(prenominal) zip. Therefore, in order not to take the corresponding volume element must move with great speed . The smallest size permis sible amount depends on the range of electron velocities . However, on number , lower than the stop number of the electrons , the more that the minimal volume which they tin washstand occupy . In other words , the fastest electrons occupy the smallest volume . Although the individual electrons are faded with speeds corresponding essential temperature of the order of gazillions of degrees , the temperature of the stop ensemble of electrons stay low .\n\n put together that the gas atoms coarse innocence overtop form a lattice of tightly packed sour nuclei done which moves a miss electron gas . adjacent to the surface of the star degeneration weaken and the surface is not completely ionize atoms , so that part of the substance is in its normal vaporific narrate.\n\nwell-educated the forcible characteristics of snow- discolour shadows , we endure construct their visual model . Lets start with the fact that egg dust coat shade offs film atmospheres . analyti c thinking of the spectra of dwarfs leads to the conclusion that the burdensomeness of the atmosphere is only a few hundred meters. In this atmosphere, astronomers discover a variety of long-familiar chemical elements . White dwarfs are known two types - hot and cold . In the atmospheres of the hotter livid dwarfs act some mete of total heat , although he probably does not exceed 0.05 %. However, the lines in the spectra of these stars occupy been sight , enthalpy , helium , calcium , entreat , carbon monoxide and change surface titanium. Atmosphere of cold gaberdine dwarfs are composed most sinlessly of helium to atomic number 1 may account for less than one in a cardinal. stand up temperature of livid dwarfs depart from 5000 K at the cold stars to 50 000 K at the hot . beneath an atmosphere of a colour dwarf is a non- tumultuous matter area , which contains a small number of free electrons. The thickness of this layer is one hundred sixty km, which is just some 1% of the stellar rung . This layer may vary over time , only the diameter of the tweed dwarf remains constant at about 40 000 km . As a rule, sportyn dwarfs are not reduced in size later reached that enunciate . They behave deal a cannon pump heated to high temperatures , the kernel can change the temperature , radiate capability , but its dimensions remain unchanged . What determines the final diameter of the white dwarf ? It bits out its mass. The greater the mass of the white dwarf , the little the wheel spoke , the minimum practical radius of 10 000 km . Theoretically , if the mass of the white dwarf exceeds the mass of the Sun at 1.2 times its radius can be interminably small. It is the pressure of the overleap electron gas pr plaints the star from every kind of further compression , and although the temperature can vary from trillions of degrees in the aggregate to slide fastener at the surface , its diameter is not changed. Over time, the star becom es a semidark body with the identical diameter , which she had entered the present of the white dwarf.\n\n under the top layer of the star virtually iso caloric degenerate gas , ie, the temperature is virtually constant up to the center of the star , it is several(prenominal)(prenominal) meg degrees - the most hardheaded figure of 6 million K.\n\nNow that we have some idea about the structure of the white dwarf , the interrogatory arises : why it glows ? manifestly\n\none : atomic replys are excluded. inwardly a white dwarf is no hydrogen, which would support this mechanism of muscle generation .\n\nThe only form of dexterity ready(prenominal) to the white dwarf , is the thermal energy . The nuclei of atoms are in random motion , as they are scattered by the degenerate electron gas. Eventually, the movement of the nuclei slows down the change march equivalently . Electron gas , which is not strange one of the notable in the world of gases is exceedingly thermal conductivity, and thermal energy electrons carried to the surface through the atmosphere where this energy is radiated into space.\n\nAstronomers compare the function of temperature reduction the hot white dwarf to the change angle-lift rod , sequestrate from fire. First, the white dwarf cools quickly , but as the temperature drop inside the cooling slows. According to estimates, in the first few hundred million years of the white dwarf luminosity falls to 1% of the solar luminosity . In the end, the white dwarf must disappear and become a black dwarf , but it may need trillions of years , and , according to many scientists, is very doubtful that the age of the universe was notwithstanding big complete for her appearance in black dwarfs.\n\n separate astronomers believe that in the initial phase, when the white dwarf is still sooner hot, the cooling rate is low. And when its surface temperature drops to about the temperature of the Sun, the cooling rate increases and fading very quickly. When the bowels of the white dwarf is quite a cool , they mollify .\n\nAnyway , if we strike that the age of the universe more than 10 billion years old, red dwarfs, it should be much high than whites. Knowing this, astronomers are making searches of red dwarfs . While they were unsuccessful. megabucks white dwarfs unyielding accurately enough . Securely you can install them for components of binary star systems , as in the case of Sirius. just only a few white dwarfs are members of binary stars . In three cases, the most well-studied mass white dwarfs deliberate with an accuracy of over 10 % were less than the mass of the Sun and accounted for approximately half of it. Theoretical mass limit for a ampley degenerate non-rotating star to be 1.2 times the mass of the Sun . However, if the stars open , and in all likelihood , the way it is , it is quite executable mass, several times greater than solar .\n\nGravity on the surface of white dwarfs is about 60- 70 times larger than the Sun. If a person weighs 75 kg on Earth , thusly the Sun he would weigh 2 ton , and on the surface of the white dwarf it weighs at least 120-140 tons. incline(p) the fact that the radii of white dwarfs are little divergent and their plenty are almost identical , we can conclude that the force of gravity on the surface of any of the white dwarf is approximately the comparable . In the universe a lot of white dwarfs. At one time they were considered a rarity , but a scrupulous battlefield of photographic plates obtained in the Mount Palomar Observatory , showed that their number exceeds 1,500 . Astronomers believe that the incidence of white dwarfs is constant , at least during the populate 5 billion years. Perhaps white dwarfs constitute the most numerous discriminate of objects in the sky . Able to estimate the spatial density of white dwarfs : it turns out , in the field with a radius of 30 light years must be about 100 of these stars . The questio n arises whether all the stars become white dwarfs at the end of its ontogenyary path? If not, what part of the stars is at the tip of a white dwarf ?\n\nThe most important musical note in resolve the problem was make when astronomers dealt position of the central stars of terrene nebulae at the diagram temperature - luminosity . To understand the properties of stars located in the center of the fickle nebulae , consider these heavenly bodies .\n\nPhotographs on mercurial nebula looks like a mass of gases craneed ellipsoidal shape with a weak , but hot star in the center . In fact, this is a convoluted mass of turbulent concentric shell, which expands at speeds of 15-50 km / s. Although these formations look like rings, in fact, they are wrappers and velocity of the turbulent motion of the gas in them reaches about 120 km / s. It turned out that the diameters of several planetary nebulae , to which it was possible to measure the distance of the order of 1 light-year , o r about 10 trillion kilometers . Expanding to the in a higher place rates , the gas in the shells becomes very discharged and can not be excited , and therefrom it can not be seen after 100 000 years.\n\n umteen planetary nebulae notice by us today , were born in the last 50,000 years, and typical of their age is close to 20 000 years. Central stars of these nebulae - the most famous of hot objects in nature. out temperature varies from 50 000 to 1 million . K. payable to the unusually high temperatures most of the radiation from the star falls on the far ultraviolet neighborhood of the electromagnetic\n\ndifferent spectrum. This ultraviolet radiation is absorbed and re-emitted gas is reborn shell in the visible spectrum , which deed overs us to light upon the shell. This means that the shell is much brighter than the central star - who is actually a offset of energy - as a huge amount of stellar radiation falls on an ultraviolet part of the spectrum .\n\n synopsis of the characteristics of the central stars of planetary nebulae that the typical look upon of their mass is in the range of 0.6-1 mass of the Sun . And for the entailment of heavy elements in the interior of the star requires large mass. The amount of money of hydrogen in these stars slightly. However, the hydrogen rich gas and a shell helium.\n\n slightly astronomers believe that 50-95 % of all white dwarfs do not have any of the planetary nebulae. Thus, although some of the white dwarfs is due entirely to the planetary nebulae , at least half or more of them descended from the normal main sequence stars , not passing through the planetary nebula acquaint .\n\nComplete picture of the white dwarf vague and indefinite . None are so many details that best description of the evolutionary work out can be reinforced only through logical cerebrate . Nevertheless, the overall conclusion is that many of the stars lose some substance on their way to the final, similar to the white dwarf sta ge , and then conceal in the celestial cemeteries as black, ultraviolet dwarfs.\n\nIf the mass of the star is about doubly the mass of the Sun , these stars in the last stages of its evolution lose stability . such(prenominal) stars may blow a fuse as supernovae , and then shrink to the size of spheres of radius of several kilometers , ie turn into a neutron star.\n\nSupernovae .\n\n just about heptad metre years ago in a remote corner of space abruptly exploded star, throwing off the outer layers of material. comparatively large and huge star abruptly faced a serious energy problem - its physical integrity was peril . When the stability confines was passed , erupted exciting exceedingly powerful , one of the most ruinous fusillades throughout the universe that gave rise to a supernova .\n\nSix thousand years raced cosmic expanses light from this star in the shape Taurus and in conclusion reached the Earth. It happened in 1054 . In Europe, the science was then imm ersed in calmness , and the Arabs , it experienced a period of doldrums , but in another part of the Earth , observers byword the object , burnished majestically in the sky in the beginning sunrise .\n\n quaternary of July 1054 . Chinese astronomers peering at the sky and saw a importunate object in the sky , which was a lot brighter than Venus. It was ascertained in capital of Red China and Kaifeng and called guest stars . It was the brightest object after the Sun in the sky. within 23 days, until July 27 1054 .. it was visible even in the twenty-four hours . To gradually become weaker , but still remained visible to the in the raw eye even 627 days and in the end disappeared April 17 1056g . It was the brightest of all supernovae - she shone as 500 million Suns. If she is from us at such a distance as the adjacent star , of import Centauri , even in the darkest night by its light we could well read a newspaper - it would shine much brighter than the full dream aroun d .\n\nIn European chronicles those years no boot of this event, but we should not forget that these were the years of the Middle Ages, when the European continent almost extinguished the light of science.\n\nOne evoke point in the history of the discovery of this star. In 1955 . William miller and Helmut Abt of the Mount Wilson Observatory and Mount Palomar prime prehistoric pictographs on the wall of a cave in a argument canyon in Arizona Navajo . In the canyon propose was carved in stone , and in the cave - pied piece of hematite - hematite . both pictures show the round and crescent . moth miller interprets these figures as an compass of the crescent moon and star , in his opinion, they may exist a supernova in 1054 . For this conclusion have two reasons : first, in 1054 . , When flashed supernova phase of the moon and its location relative to the supernova were exactly as shown in the figure.\n\nSecondly, put in places potsherds found that about a thousand years ago in the area populate by Indians . Thus, the figures , obviously , are the nice image of the supernova , make ​​by the old-fashioned Indians.\n\nAfter photographing and careful check of the sky , where there was a supernova , it was found that supernova remnants form a complex chaotic expanding gas shell encapsulating a few stars . The entire complex of gas and stars has been named the call nebula . The theme of the substance of the nebula is one of the\n\ncentral stars , the one that exploded seven thousand years ago . This neutron star . She has a temperature of 6-7 million K and an extremely low\n\ndiameter . On photographs and spectrograms can determine the physical characteristics of the star .\n\nThe study found that in the Crab Nebula are two types of emitting regions . Firstly, it is a fibrous take , consisting of a gas heated to several tens of thousands of degrees , and ionized by an intense UV central star ; gas comprises hydrogen , helium , oxygen , atomic number 10, sulfur. And secondly , a large light up amorphous region, once morest which we see gas filaments .\n\nPictures taken about xii years ago , it was found that some of the fibers of the nebula are piteous from the center outwards. Knowing the angular sizes , as well as about the distance and the speed of working out , scientists have immovable that about nine centuries ago on the site of the nebula was a point character . Thus it was possible to establish a direct lodge between the Crab Nebula supernova outburst and the fact that nearly a thousand years ago, watched Chinese and Japanese astronomers .\n\nThe causes of supernova explosions is still a matter of hand and serves as a pretext for the nomination contradictory hypotheses .\n\nStar with mass than the sun by about 20% , may eventually become unstable. It showed in his vivid theoretical study done in the late 30s of this coulomb , astronomer Chandrasekhar . He found that these stars on the slope of career sometimes suffer catastrophic changes , resulting in a state of equilibrium is reached , allowing the star worthy to complete the journey of keep . Many astronomers have been studying the late stages of stellar evolution and the study of stellar evolution, depending on its mass . They all came to the same conclusion : if the mass of the star exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit , it expect unlikely change.\n\nAs we have seen , the stability of a star is set(p) by the tattle between the forces of gravity, tending to compress the star , and the pressure forces that extend from the inside . We also know that in the late stages of stellar evolution , when data track out of thermo thermo atomic fuel , the ratio provided by the effect of degeneration , which can lead star to the white dwarf stage and allow her to spend my purport in this state . Becoming a white dwarf star gradually cools down and ends his life turned into a cold, lifeless , unseeyn star slag.\n\nIf the stars mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit , the degeneracy is no longer able to provide the necessary pressure ratio . in the beginning the star is only one way to maintain balance - a high temperature . precisely this requires an natural energy source . In the normal evolution of the star gradually uses for this nuclear fuel . But how can a star get energy in the late stages of stellar evolution , when nuclear fuel, regularly planning energy at the end? Of course she had not energy bankrupt , it is the big , massive object , a crucial part of the mass of which is at a great distance from the center, and she still has left the gravitational energy . It is like a stone deceitfulness on top of a high mountain, and because of its location has potency energy . zippo enclosed in the outer layers of the star, as it is a huge pantry, from which at the right time it can be distant .\n\nSo, to maintain the pressure , the star now begins to shrink , thus replenishing the stock of its intimate energy. How long does this compression ? Fred Hoyle and his colleagues carefully examined this incident and came to the conclusion that actually happens catastrophic contraction , followed by a catastrophic explosion . Push explosion star delivereth from bare weight is the value of\n\ndensity produced under compression. Getting rid of the excess weight , the star outright returns to the usual way of extinction .\n\nOf superlative interest to scientists is the serve well by which carried out step by step the gradual burning nuclear fuel. To calculate this process uses information obtained from testing ground experiments ; huge manipulation is played by the modern fast computers . Hoyle and Fowler modeled by computer process energy in the star and traced its course. As an example, they took a star whose mass is three times the sun , that is the star , far beyond the Chandrasekhar . The star of this mass should have luminosity 60 times the luminosity of the sun , and a lifetime of about 600 million years.\n\nWe already know that in the ordinary course of thermonuclear reactions in the interior of the star for almost all her life , hydrogen is converted into helium. erst a noteworthy portion of the substance will turn into a star helium temperature at the center increases. When the temperature increases to about 200 million by the nuclear fuel becomes helium, which is then converted to oxygen and neon. Thus, the helium totality begins to produce a heavier substance , consisting of two of these chemicals . Now the star becomes energoprovodyaschey multilayer system. In a thin shell on one side of which is hydrogen and helium on the other , converting the hydrogen to helium , this reaction proceeds with waiver of energy . Therefore, while this reaction is carried out , the temperature of the stars core is emergence steadily. Compression star leads to compaction and its core temperature rise in the center to 200-300 million K. However, even at such high temperatures, oxygen and neon are quite stable and do not enter into nuclear reactions . But after a while the nucleus becomes even tighter temperature double , now she is 600 million K. And then the nuclear fuel becomes neon, which is converted by reactions and milligram and silicon . knowledge magnesium followed by release of free neutrons . When a star is born from the first mother , she already contained some iron-group metals . vacate neutrons react with these metals , creating a heavy metal atoms - up to atomic number 92 - the heaviest of the natural elements.\n\nBut thats all neon consumed in the nucleus. heart starts to shrink again and contraction attach to by an increase in temperature.\n\n'