King, Martin Luther. Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay

King, Martin Luther. Letter from Birmingham Jail - Essay Example Dr. King responded to the charges against his being an â€Å"outsider†, and of the methods he brought from outside by clearly stating that he served as the president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), an organization that operates in all the states of the South. This was the argument that Dr. King used to state that he was not in any way an outsider in the issues that affects a state in the South. Dr. King said that he was called upon by the local affiliate of SCLC in Birmingham to engage in a nonviolent direct action program and so he was not in any way an outsider as he had organizational ties in Birmingham. He also believed that the methods that they claim he brought from outside are the only things that could deal with the problems of racial injustice and segregation as the other methods are rather too lame in solving these problems (King). Luther King was an African-American activist from Atlanta and he was accused of being an ‘outside agitatorà ¢â‚¬â„¢ when he went to Birmingham. King responded by stating that, he cannot sit idly in Atlanta and turn a deaf ear or blind eye to the racial injustice in Birmingham. He said he is quite aware of the connection that exists amongst all communities and states.

Research Topic & Research Proposal Essay Example for Free

Research Topic Research Proposal Essay 1. What do you think of a good research topic? What are the key elements of a good research topic? A good research topic should be of a clear objectives and purpose. It should generate question to discover and find out the underlying problem or understanding a current situation. Therefore the elements of a good research topic is feasibility, are the resources available? How long the research could take and can that be done with a timeline or it needs to be extended. What are the factors that affect the accuracy of the research and what are the variables that need to be considered In order to assure the up to date presentation of results. Is it worthwhile? Is it relevant to what is used for and search about can what values the research will add into the current practices of the organization? 1. Assume that you interested in doing some research on the impact of quality management practices on organizational performance. Write four research questions that may be appropriate. What are the current quality management practices?  What is the link between the quality practices and organization performance   To how extend the quality practices effect the overall organization? Are the employees aware of the importance of quality management concept? What is the impact of quality management on employees behavior?   What are the areas of development addressed by the quality management practices? And how it does tactfully eliminate or change the defined shortfalls. How do the overall objectives of the company align with quality management practices? What are the quality management practices standards used in the organization? And does it match ISO 9001:2008 quality standards? 3. What is a research proposal? What are the purposes and key elements of a proposal? Definition: â€Å"It is a document that is typically written by a scientist or academic which describes the ideas for an investigation on a certain topic. The research proposal outlines the process from beginning to end and may be used to request financing for the project, certification for performing certain parts of research of the experiment, or as a required task before beginning a college dissertation†. Purpose: There are lots of purposes of research proposal and that could be to investigate an enquiry, finding out about something worthwhile in a particular context. Could be of business ground where is used to finalize a deal or evaluate several supplier for a business proposal. Other purposes is to convince the concerned parties about i.g. a product by showing the results of the research.

A Career In Marketing Essay -- Careers Jobs essays research papers

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Choosing a career in marketing can lead a person in many different directions within the defined roles of marketing. Composed of many facets and activities marketing careers offer a variety of avenues for the career minded to explore while offering growth and opportunities for advancement. A common denominator for many who choose a career in this field is the sense of ownership, or entrepreneurial spirit with regards to the products or services that they are working to market. Marketing requires that an understanding of customers’ needs and desires be acquired and then translated into both product development as well as communications as part of the marketing strategy. This paper will explore what is entailed in a career in marketing, as well as what the future holds for the profession. Because marketing professionals are needed by every company and in every industry, the career potential and chances for finding ones niche within the career field are virtua lly unlimited. Basics of Marketing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A good definition of marketing is the process of the intermediary function between product development and sales. (Reddy ) The field of marketing entails taking a generic product or generic service (the product or services do not have to be â€Å"generic† they may be actually unique to the marketplace) and associating the generic product with a brand name (Petty 2001). Under this generic concept are the activities of advertising, public relations, media planning, sales strategy and so on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marketing professionals create, manage and/or enhance brands in order to create or bolster demand for the product. A successful marketing plan will help assure that consumers look beyond just the price or function of a product when making a purchasing decision, in part, a well planned marketing effort will create a â€Å"feel good† association about the product the consumer is about to purchase (Petty) A key part of a career in marketing is to understand the needs, preferences, and constraints that define the target group of consumers or the market niche corresponding to the brand. This is done by market research. This is accomplished through market research, essentially using survey techniques, statistics, psychology and social understanding to help gather information on what consumers want and/or need, and then designing products, or services, to hopefully meet ... ...rs per week. (Locke) Those entering the field must be able to work well under pressure and thrive off meeting deadlines and goals that are set. In some positions, substantial travel is not uncommon. In spite of the rigors associated with a career in marketing the outlook for the profession is bright. Marketing is a vital necessity not only for business firms, but is also needed and utilized by governments, educational, religious, social service, and nonprofit organizations or institutions. Perhaps the most alluring aspect of a career in marketing is the fact that it provides a great number and variety of job opportunities, and can offer opportunities to both number crunchers as well as intuitive creative people as well. Bibliography Beckman Theodore N. Davidson William R. (1997) Marketing; Ronald Press Inc. Hills Gerald (1994) Marketing and Entrepreneurship; Quorum Books Locke Christopher, (2001) Gonzo Marketing: Winning through Worst Practices; Perseus Publishing Petty Ross D. Editor's Introduction: The What and Why of Marketing; American Business Journal, Vol. 36, 1999 Reddy C. Allan (1999) Quality Marketing:, Gaining Markets Shares; Quorum Books, 1998

Life Cycle Assessment Essay

This Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) aims to evaluate the environmental impact of the production of candlesticks. All the different materials and processes required to manufacture candles need to be taken into consideration to determine the impacts on the environment. The most common material used to manufacture candles is paraffin wax. Each candle comes in some type of individual packaging most of the time. Candle wicks are made using various natural fibers, such as reeds, rushes, or cotton. An important refinement in wick technology introduced the plaited wick, which burned more than unplaited wicks. Currently, twisted or plaited cotton makes up most of the wicks. The candlestick is made of steel, or could also be made of metal. The functional unit will be a 125ml candle able to generate up to 25 hours of light. Each steel-made candlestick can only hold one candle, and can be used several times. Inputs: †¢Paraffin wax †¢Cotton †¢Metal †¢Materials for packaging Outputs: †¢Gas emissions: when candles burn, paraffin wax emits greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide. †¢Depletion of natural resources: paraffin wax is derived from crude oil. Paraffin candles are petroleum products, a non renewable resource. It could increase pollution due to oil spills and the processes needed to extract petroleum. At the same time, the extraction of metal needed for the candlestick causes large volumes of solid waste, requires large amounts of energy, and produces air, soil, and water pollution. †¢Chemicals toxicity: some candles might have lead or zinc in their wick, which release harmful gasses when they burn. Also, scented candles can release toxins from the chemicals used to give them scent. Question 2 of 3 (10 points) Corporate Environmental Management Tools †¢Ecolabelling: Swan eco-label was developed for candles by the Nordic ecolabelling. The main purpose is to reduce the emission and effect of substances harmful to users’ health and the reduction of gases that have and impact on climate change. According to this scheme, 19 out of 28 are environmental requirements, such as description of the candle, description of chemical additives, among others. †¢Design for the Environment: Enabling consumers to quickly identify products that are safer and that can help protect the environment will make them choose a certain product more frequently. If manufacturers start focusing on producing candles that are made from the safest possible ingredients, consumers, producers, and the environment will benefit. †¢Sustainability reports: Keeping track of environmental performance and the capacity of a company to use and maintain resources in a way that prevents depletion, will improve economic, and social performance. If candles can be produced in a more sustainable way, that is, using substitutes sources that are renewable and less harmful, the final product will be more successful in all the areas. Therefore, reporting this information will allow constant improvement of all the processes. †¢Integrated supply chain management: It is important to know which stages in a supply chain are the ones that are being less efficient, and negatively affecting the production of a good, in this case, candlesticks. Determining these processes can enable their improvement to have a more environmentally friendly supply chain. †¢Carbon footprint: As we need metals for producing a candlestick, we depend on large amounts of energy and, if the energy is generated using fossil fuels, it has a large carbon footprint. Measuring carbon footprint allows the whole manufacturing process to be analyzed, realizing which stages have a stronger impact and how can they be improved. †¢Cleaner production: improvement of the machinery used in each stage of production can decrease the environmental impact of producing candles, as it will decrease waste created after different processes. It can also make the processes more efficient, benefiting the company. Development of technology has made these improvements possible. †¢Stakeholder analysis: every single company must consider all the interested parts in a product as they are the ones that decide how successful and efficient a good will is. If the manufacturing of candlesticks is for example affecting the surroundings of a plant, people, that are consumers too , can generate social impacts that will worsen the company’s performance and image. Question 3 of 3 (4 points) Challenges and limitations Candles can be made of different types of wax that have different impacts on the environment. Some of the raw materials that could be used to produce a candle can be less harmful than others. The candleholder life span could vary depending on the quality of the metal that is being used. Therefore, changing the life span of the candlestick. Transition from a â€Å"Cradle to Grave† to a â€Å"Cradle to Cradle† Steel has high scrap metal recycling value. Old metal material can be reused to make new products. Recycling old metal products uses 95% less energy than manufacturing it using new materials. Metal recycling processes require using a lot of energy. If we recycle metal products we only have to use a low percentage of this total energy, decreasing the use of our natural resources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To minimize wasteful wrapping of candles, the material used for packaging can reduce the environmental impact by choosing more recyclable materials. Aluminum, for instance, could be used as a base for the candles, or even to manufacture a candleholder, considering it can be easily recycled. Glass, can be recycled too, reused, and even upcycled into new materials or products. Avoiding candles with extra plastic packaging can also decrease the negative impacts on the environment. In addition to packaging decisions, considering the materials used for manufacturing of candles can benefit the producers, consumers and the environment. For example, soy and beeswax candle emit fewer harmful chemicals when burned. Another way to reduce pollution is to buy from local candlemakers. This reduces wasteful packaging, and there is no need to transport raw materials to a farther manufacturing plant, and to consumers at longer geographical distances. Thus, reducing fuel usage and supporting local bus inesses as well.

Branded? Fashion Counterfeiting Essay

A lot of leisurely items to date have been somewhat remodeled or refashioned into something that is more cost-friendly for consumers. These are counterfeited items, more popularly known as â€Å"pirated† goods, which are illegal, as authorities would suggest. However, there are a growing number of consumers for pirated goods, especially in developing or underdeveloped countries; even developed countries have their share of consumers of pirated goods. In the fashion industry, most apparels (e.g., T-shirts, pants, blouses, etc.) and textiles are apparently being produced in many developing countries—some underdeveloped—as the multinational conglomerates believe that labor is cheaper in these places. These countries, in turn, have benefited from the decision of many multinational conglomerates: â€Å"The clear winners given all of these industry trends are China and India with their long history in textiles, Pakistan with its current capacity for textile production† (Mead 423). With the production of apparels and textiles shifting from the developed regions like the United States and Europe to underdeveloped or developing countries, it would be so hard to assume that the occurrence of counterfeiting these products will be low. The consumers that could not seem to afford the expensive prices of high-end brands would generally resort to replicas of the same high-end brands. However, all of these multinational apparel-producing industries abhor the existence of pirated versions of their products, bidding for these â€Å"copycats† to be divulged and incarcerated. As a common thing on a global scale, stopping fashion counterfeiting could cause another economic downturn but its proliferation could lead to severe job cutting by companies that believe that they are losing money. The overseas production of the various apparels of American and European brands could be the best opportunity for â€Å"pirates† as these products are exposed and minimally guarded. Usually, people would assume that these pirates operate underground—some controlled by syndicates or any organized group. However, it could also be certain that some of these pirates work from inside the textile or apparel factories. After all, it can produce a better replica of the product. Such acts are despised by the multinational corporations as it breaches trade policies and laws as well as patent, copyright, and license laws. However, the existence of pirated goods prompts consumers to spend more as these products are considerably cheaper than the seemingly overpriced originals. It is believed that producers of pirated goods work underground under a syndicate or some organized group. However, these pirated goods are sometimes sold out in the open for people to see, as in the case of some developing (e.g. India and China) and underdeveloped (e.g. Philippines and Thailand) nations, and in some developed countries—although, rarely do these exchanges happen under the public’s watchful eye. The preconceived notion that consumers coming from developed countries abhor the consumption of pirated goods has been proved false. The following is an example from an article entitled â€Å"Consumption of Counterfeit Goods: ‘Here Be Pirates?’† which proves that consumers can also come from developed countries: â€Å"In France, the most common counterfeit products confiscated are shoes, representing 21 per cent of items, followed by clothes and watches; In Germany, clothes account for 90 per cent of impounded fakes† (Wischermann qtd. in Rutter and Bryce 1155). As unbelievable as it may seem, these circumstances can occur even in developed countries like the United States and European nations. However, the consumption of such products should not be regarded as a crime, or such products must not be confiscated from the owner. Even though it is a pirated good, it was still his or her money that purchased the good. Buying pirated goods does not also necessarily point out as a support for pirated goods nor does it entail any political ideology like an anti-capitalist movement against the multinational brands and their seemingly overpriced goods. Fashion Counterfeiting is considered a battle between the multinational capitalist companies that aim to make another hundred million or billion in sales and the pirates or syndicates that wanted to make money especially during a global economic crisis. It is an epic battle indeed, but which of the two started it? The trail from its origin does not seem too far off. Counterfeiting is an old trade that dates back as early as Ancient Rome (Rutter and Bryce 1147). As ancient as it may be, the act has been considered illegal through international trade policies and copyright laws that it seemed to breach. The cause that promoted the pirating of known fashion brands was the decision of these international apparel companies to build more factories overseas for cheap labor. Labor from the developing and underdeveloped countries attracted these multinational companies because it was cheap: â€Å"this drove down the price of labor around the world as firms relocated operations to China (soon, South Asia as well) because labor is cheaper† (Mead 419). This move resulted in the rebirth of an age-old illegal practice—only this time, it covered and affected the fashion industry. Syndicates and other organized group exploited the existence of factories in these areas—especially that they live under the â€Å"developing-nation state.† Then the process moved onto other parts of the region, usually in places where such prohibiting laws were rarely applied. Thus, the ones at fault were the multinational companies themselves as they gave an opportunity for these pirates to replicate their products. However, sometimes, their presence is not a cause for promoting this kind of piracy. The products can be bought by the pirates themselves—usually they do have the money—from legitimate stores and replicate these after analyzing the products. After all, fashion counterfeiting is simpler than that of software (music, games, programs, albums, videos) piracy. Whichever the case, the reason behind the existence of such products in the market is its affordability since its original counterparts are way more expensive. The production of these pirated apparels will continue as long as someone would consume them. However, is the piracy of these apparels—some of which people really do need—really a problem, especially with the world experiencing another global economic downturn? What happens to those who cannot afford the legitimate and original apparels? It seems they would have to walk around naked or in shabby clothing, or even resort to tailoring their own clothes.

Adolf Hitler5 essays

Adolf Hitler5 essays From A Mediocre Student to A Dictator: Adolf Hitler The day is April 20, 1889 and the place is Austria. It was there that the man who was to save the fatherland was born. Hitler began his schooling in a monastery in Germany and was known as a lazy, bad-tempered, arrogant leader. His dreams of being a great artist quickly went down the drain after he was rejected at the Academy of Fine Arts. Hitler sank deep into himself, living on the street and through his discontentment began to see the uses of hate. His views began to push him to wanting to conquer Germany; he was only 18 at the time. He joined the war with Germany as a dispatch worker. After World War I, Hitler began looking for his opportunity to take control of Germany as their leader. This never would have been accomplished if the economic, social, and political conditions of the day were not all in place for him to take control. After the war the economic conditions of Germany were in shambles. Because Germany was forced to take most of the blame in the war, they were required to pay most of the damages of the war, not including their own debts from the war. Before the war four German marks could have bought one American dollar, but after the war it tool 4.2 trillion marks just to equal one dollar. Inflation was running rampid. People were using money as toilet paper because it cost less. Finally the government did away with the old currency and brought in a new one. The effects of this will be discussed later. Also because of the war there was great unemployment. Unemployment had doubled since before the war and was steadily increasing. Factories were producing more than they needed and so in order to fix the problem they produced less and therefore had to lay off several workers. Just like all over the world, Germany was experiencing their share of the Depression and ju...

MD Programs in the US

Complete List BA/MD and BS/MD Programs in the US SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you dream of becoming a doctor? If you’re set on going to medical school, then a combined BS/MD or BA/MD program might be for you. The majority of thesecombined programs allow motivated high school students to go right from undergraduate to medical school without having to go through another application process. While there aren’t a ton of spots available in combined programs, there are schools throughout the country that offer them. Before we look at those, however, let’s review what BA/MD and BS/MD programs entail, as well as the pros and cons for high school and young undergraduate applicants. What Are Combined BA/MD and BS/MD Programs? Combined programs allow students to earn a bachelor’s degree- either a Bachelor of Arts (BA) or a Bachelor of Science (BS)- and then proceed directly into a medical program for a Doctor of Medicine (MD). Since students are already accepted to medical school, they can forgo the typical medical school admissions process near the end of undergrad. Instead of applying separately to medical school, students just go through one major admissions process at the end of high school (or, occasionally, a condensed application process early in college). Programs that askstudents to apply after first getting admitted to the collegeare typically referred to as early assurance programs. Students in combined programs commit to a specific college and medical school or network of schools. This medical school is usually part of the same institution or a partner school in the same region or college network. For instance, the SUNY and University of Texas systems, along with the Eastern Virginia network, offer students various choices of medical schools among their connected or partner colleges. On the other hand, students in Boston University’s combined program would have to attend BU for both undergraduate and medical school. While combined programs offer students early assurance, some of them still require applicants to take and do well on the MCAT. Students must also maintain a certain GPA as they work their way through required college classes. Manyoffers are conditional on the student's undergraduate and testing performance. Most combined programs are the same length as non-combined ones: eight years. In other words, most students in direct medical programs will still go to college for four years and then to medical school for four years. Afew programs offer accelerated programsbycompressing the amount of time spent as an undergraduate; these may be seven or even just six years in length. For example, Drexel University College of Medicine offers both an eight-year combined program and a seven-year combined program. It has eight-year BA/MD and BS/MD programs for students majoring in biomedical engineering or engineering. It also offers a fast-tracked seven-year BA/BS/MD program for students majoring in biological sciences, chemistry, psychology, or engineering. Most schoolshave either an eight-year or accelerated program, while others like Drexel offer both choices depending on your field of study as an undergraduate. Before taking a closer look at accelerated programs, let’s go over some of the pros and cons of combined medical programs for students. Pro: you'll get to impress people by adding MD after your name whenever you sign it. Con: you might not be able to watch shows like Grey's Anatomy anymore because of all their medical inaccuracies. Want to build the best possible college application fpr BS/MD programs? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Combined BA/MD and BS/MD Programs: Pros and Cons Now that we've covered what exactly combined medical programs are, it's time to take a look at the pros and cons of entering one. Pros of a Combined Medical Program Applying to medical school is a competitive and stressful process, so the major pro of getting into a combined program is that you won’t have to go through all that application stress! Rather, you’ll be able to rest easy and focus on your academics, knowingyou’ve already been accepted. What's more, a combined program allows you to commit fully to your goals, and pursue medicine in your academic and professional path. You’ll be focused on medicine throughout your education and graduate with an MD. Not only will you have a steadyeducational and career path, but you can also benefit from the stability of studying at one school or in one system of schools. Through a combined program, you’ll get deeply immersed in a community and can get to know your professors and facilities well during your studies. Finally, in addition to offering students a stable and challenging program in their chosen fields, many combined programs offer scholarship money. Since they tend to be extremely selective, direct medical programs often offer financial aid to high-achieving students who get in. Getting this money can greatly assist you in achieving your educational goals. Of course, there are somedownsides to think aboutforcombined medical programs. Let’s consider some of the cons of committing to a six- to eight-year program. Cons of a Combined Medical Program First, there's time: most combined programs involve eight years of intensive study. Although these programs do eliminate the hurdle of a stressful med school application process, they also demand a huge commitment from high school students. Your goals could very well shift as you grow and have new experiences in college. Combined programs call for a great deal of dedication and commitment from young students whose aimsmight change as they grow older. Of course, dropping out of the program is always an option if your goals change. If you do drop out but later change your mind and decide to reapply to med school, you might end up stuck at a school that wasn’t your first choice or find yourself lacking required courses. On the flip side, if you switch your major from pre-med to something else, you might have to add more semesters as an undergrad. As you can see, though possible, giving up such a selective program you worked hard to get into would almost certainly be a stressful and nerve-wracking ordeal in itself! Another potential con of some combined programs is the commitment to the same location for eight years. Some students might be ready to experience a new city after undergrad, but those in combined programs will likely have to stick around for another four years. Though some combined programs involve relocating to a partner school, most are at the same university. Just as combined programs limit your choices in terms of medical schools and location, they also typically don’t offer much flexibility in curriculum. While your fellow students might discover different fields or participate in study abroad programs, your own course schedule might not allow for as much exploration. This kind of intensive, structured program might be a pro for some students and a con for others. Just be aware that combined programs call for a big commitment at a young age, and carefully consider whether you’re readyto make that leap. Before we check out the full list of schools offering combined medical programs, let’s take a moment to go over accelerated programs and how they’re unique. Acceleratedprograms take an already intense track of study and send it into hyperspeed. What Are Accelerated BA/MD and BS/MD Programs? An accelerated program is a type of combined medical program that's shorter than the typical eight years. Most of these programs are seven, but a few are as short as six years. Usually, the undergraduate portion,rather than the medical school portion, is shortened. These programs might combine two required classes into one, or have students attend year-round by taking intensive courses throughout the summer. Aswith combined programs, students will move directly from undergrad into a medical school program to which they’ve already been accepted- they might just be a little younger than their peers. Accelerated BA/MD and BS/MD Programs: Pros and Cons In addition to the considerations discussed above, what are some of the pros and cons specific to accelerated combined medical programs? Pros of an Accelerated Program As a combined program, an accelerated program shares all the pros discussed above, such as the opportunity to get early acceptance to medical school and to commit to a field of study you’re passionate about. Furthermore, the shorter time means you can enter medical school and earn your MD even faster,giving you a leap ahead into your profession by a year or more. Because these programs are shorter, they might also have a lower cost than the traditional eight-year path. Note that accelerated programs are by no means easier than non-acceleratedones; in fact, they’re usually even more challenging because they compress the same material and requirements into a shorter amount of time. If you’re a high-achieving, motivated student, an accelerated medical program may be just the kind of challenging and intensive experience you’re looking for. Cons of an Accelerated Program The accelerated nature of these programs means that they demand even more of a commitment from applicants, who are often young high school students. These fast-paced programs are a huge challenge and offer even less flexibilitythan the regular eight-year combined programs. If you commit to an accelerated program, not only do you have to be absolutely sure about your decision to earn your MD in a shortened period of time, but you also have to be prepared to miss out on some normal undergraduate experiences. As someone studying on the fast track, you won’t have as much time to explore, socialize, or perhapsstudy abroad. Such experiences as these can be enriching parts of college, so think deeply about whether you’re ready to limit them. Additionally, accelerated programs often require students to study year-round, limiting the potential for summer jobs, travel, and/or internships. These programs can be grueling, packing already tough classes like Organic Chemistry I and II into one semester. The main risk here is that the stress could turn you away from a path you would've otherwise enjoyed had you instead taken the slower route. Finally, because the program is shorter than others, you need to do your research to make sure it’s high quality. Whether you’re committing to a combined or accelerated program, it's important to do extensive research to ensure you’re committing the next six to eight years of your life to the best program for you. Choose a medical school already! Your cat is tired of playing patient. Combined BS/MD and BA/MD Programs: The Full List Below is our most updated list of combined BS/MD and BA/MD programs in the US. We’ve divided the list as follows: Programs you apply to as a high school student Early assurance programs you apply to after you get accepted to or enter undergrad Some schools have several medical programs lasting six, seven, or eight years. You can click on the name of each school to learn more about its combined medical programs and admissions process. Note that there are a few combined programs on the list that are only available to state residents(or require students to become state residents once they matriculate as an undergrad). These programs have been marked with an asterisk. Combined BA/BS/MD Programs for High School Applicants With these combined programs, you apply as a high school student and get guaranteed admission to medical school. To keep the offer valid, you’ll have to take required courses and maintain a certain GPA. Despite your guaranteed admission to medical school, you might still have to take the MCAT for some of these BA/MD or BS/MD programs. School Program Length in Years Albany Medical College 7 or 8 Baylor College of Medicine 8 Boston University School of Medicine 7 or 8 Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine 8 California Northstate University School of Medicine 6 or 7 Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine 8 City College of New York (Brooklyn College) 7 or 8 City College of New York (Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education) 7 Drexel University College of Medicine 7 or 8 Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine* 7 or 8 Florida State University College of Medicine 7 or 8 George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences 7 or 8 Hofstra North Shore- LIJ School of Medicine 8 Howard University College of Medicine 6 Indiana State University* 8 Medical College of Georgia* 8 Meharry Medical College 7 or 8 Northeast Ohio Medical University* 6 or 7 Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 7 or 8 Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine 8 Rowan University- Cooper School of Medicine 8 Rutgers New Jersey Medical School 7 or 8 Sidney Kimmel Medical College 6, 7, or 8 Stony Brook University School of Medicine 8 St. Louis University School of Medicine 8 Temple University School of Medicine 8 Texas AM Health Science Center College of Medicine* 8 Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine* 8 The Commonwealth Medical College 8 University of Alabama School of Medicine 8 University of Cincinnati College of Medicine 8 University of Connecticut School of Medicine* 8 University of Illinois at Chicago School of Medicine* 8 University of Hawaii School of Medicine* 8 University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine 6 University of Nevada School of Medicine* 7 University of New Mexico School of Medicine* 8 University of Oklahoma School of Medicine 7 or 8 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 8 University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry 8 University of South Alabama College of Medicine* 8 University of South Florida College of Medicine 7 University of Toledo School of Medicine 7, 8, or 9 Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine 8 Wayne State University School of Medicine 8 *State residents only, or state residents preferred So your preferred program wants you to wait and apply as an undergraduate? I guess your pets can put up with this doctor-patient make-believe game just a little longer. Combined BA/BS/MD Programs for Undergraduate Applicants The following schools offer programs you apply to once you’ve already been accepted there as an undergrad. They might ask you to apply as a freshman or sophomore. Like the list above, you can click on the name of each school to read more about its BA/MD and BS/MD programs, in addition to its admissions process. School Program Length in Years Boston University School of Medicine 8 Drexel University College of Medicine 8 East Carolina University 8 George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences 7 or 8 Hampden-Sydney College 7 or 8 Loyola University, Stritch School of Medicine 8 Marshall University- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine 8 Meharry Medical College 8 Mount Sinai School of Medicine 8 Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine 7 Robert Wood Johnson Medical School 8 Rowan University 8 Rutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolState 7 or 8 Temple University School of Medicine 7 Texas A M Health Science Center College of Medicine* 8 The Commonwealth Medical College 8 Tufts University School of Medicine 8 Tulane University School of Medicine 8 University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine 8 University of Central Florida College of Medicine 8 University of Florida College of Medicine 7 University of Miami School of Medicine 7 or 8 University of New York Upstate Medical School 8 University of South Florida College of Medicine 7 Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine 8 *State residents only Now that you’ve seen the full lists of combined medical programs, let’s review some points to consider if you’re deciding whether or not to apply to a BS/MD or BA/MD dual degree program. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. A combined medical program isn't exactly "until death do us part," but it's still a big commitment! Make sure you're ready to make it. Deciding on a Combined BA/MD or BS/MD Program Applying to college requires a lot of research, and applying to a combined medical school program requires even more. When you agree to a dual degree program, you’re not just committing to a school for four years of undergraduate coursework- you’re committing to six to eight years of both undergraduate and graduate education. Because of the nature of this commitment, you must carefully consider your reasons for wanting to attend medical school. Make sure you understand your program’s requirements and are comfortable pursuing an intensive track of study in the same city for the foreseeable future. Combined programs are highly selective, and they tend to expect applicants to have some experience, oftenthrough an internship or volunteer work in the medical field. Any kind of firsthand experience working in a medical setting or shadowing a doctor can help you determine whether an MD is the right degree for you. If you feel ready to commit to this path, then it's critical to put together the strongest application you can. Demonstrate your passion for the field through your essays and experiences, and show admissions officers that you have the maturity and drive to pursue your pre-med and medical degrees in a combined program. If you ultimately decide that a combined program’s the right path for you, you’ll be able to relax and enjoy the assurance of a guaranteed medical school acceptance. Of course, you can probably only relax for a moment. Then it’s back to work! What’s Next? Are your sights set on the Ivy League? If you’re a motivated student applying to top schools, you should definitely check out our comprehensive guide on how to get into Harvard and other highly selective schools. In addition to sharinghis tips for getting into Harvard, PrepScholar cofounder Allen Cheng published the teacher recommendation letters that got him accepted! Check out Allen’s Ivy League-worthy rec letters, and use them to guide you as you collect this extremely important pieceof your application. You might know how important your recommendations and personal essay are for college, but do you know how to write about your extracurricular activities? This guide will show you how to talk about your extracurricular activities in the most strategic way possibleon your college applications. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

A Glossary of Popular Computer Terms in German

A Glossary of Popular Computer Terms in German Traveling to Germany during the digital age means that you will not only need to know the German words to use in a restaurant or a hotel but the terminology associated with computers and technology. German Words Related to Computers Brush up on popular computer terms in German with this glossary. The words are in alphabetical order. A - C address book (email)   s Adressbuch answer, reply (n.)  e Antwort,  e-mail abbrev.  AW:  (RE:) at sign []   r Klammeraffe,  s At-Zeichen Although the German for (at) as part of an address should be bei (pron.  BYE), as in: XYX bei DEUTSCH.DE (xyzdeutsch.de), most German-speakers pronounce as et - mimicking English at. attachment (email) (n.)   r Anhang,  s Attachment back, previous (step, page)   zurà ¼ck bookmark  n.  Ã‚  s Bookmark,  s Lesezeichen browser   r Browser  (-),  r Web-Browser  (-) bug (in software, etc.)   r Bug  (-s),  e Wanze  (-n) cancel (an operation)  v.  Ã‚  (eine Aktion)  abbrechen caps lock   e Feststelltaste check ones email   die E-Mail abrufen compose (an email message)   (eine Mail)  schreiben computer   r Computer,  r Rechner connection   r Anschluss,  e Verbindung continue (to next step, page)   weiter  Ã‚  back, return (to)   zurà ¼ck copy  n.  Ã‚  e Kopie  (-n)  Ã‚  a copy   eine Kopie  (EYE-na KOH-PEE)copy  v.  Ã‚  kopieren cut (and paste)   ausschneiden  (und einfà ¼gen) D - J data   e Daten  (pl.) delete (v.)   là ¶schen,  entfernen download (n.)   r Download, (pl.)  die Downloads,  e ÃÅ"bertragung  (email) download (v.)   runterladen,  herunterladen,  downloaden,  Ãƒ ¼bertragen  (email) draft (email) (n.)   r Entwurf drag (to) (v.)   ziehen (auf) email/e-mail (n.)   e E-Mail  (eine E-Mail senden),  die/eine Mail,  e E-Post  Ã‚  email messages (n., pl.)   die Mails  (pl.)  Ã‚  new messages (n., pl.)   neue Mails  (pl.)  Ã‚  sort messages (v.)   die Mails sortieren  Ã‚  unread mail/messages (n., pl.)   ungelesene Mails  (pl.) Das E-Mail? Some Germans may tell you that email in German is  das  rather than  die.  But since the English word stands for  die E-Post  or  die E-Post-Nachricht, its difficult to justify  das. Dictionaries say its  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹die  (feminine). (Das Email  means enamel.) email/e-mail, send email (v.)   e-mailen,  mailen,  eine E-Mail senden email address (n.)   e E-Mail-Adresse email messages (n., pl.)   die Mails  (pl.),  die Benachrichtigungen  (pl.) emailbox, e-mailbox, mailbox (n.)   r Postkasten,  e Mailbox  Ã‚  in-box (n.)   r Eingang,  r Posteingang  Ã‚  out-box (n.)   r Ausgang,  r Postausgang enter (name, search term) (v.)   (Namen, Suchbegriff)  eingeben,  eintragen enter/return key   e Eingabetaste error   r Fehler  Ã‚   error message   e Fehlermeldung escape key   e Escapetaste folder, file folder   r Ordner,  s Verzeichnis folder (directory) list   e Ordnerliste,  e Verzeichnisliste hack (n.)   r Hack hyperlink, link   r Querverweis,  r Link,  r/s Hyperlink image   s Bild  (-er) in-box (email)   r Posteingang install (v.)   installieren instructions   e Anleitungen,  e Anweisungen  Ã‚  Follow the instructions on the screen.   Befolgen Sie die Anweisungen auf dem Bildschirm. insufficient memory   ungenà ¼gender Speicher,  nicht genà ¼g Speicher(kapazitt) Internet   s Internet ISP, Internet service provider   r Provider,  der ISP,  r Anbieter junk mail, spam   die Werbemails  (pl.) K - Q key (on keyboard)   e Taste keyboard   e Tastatur laptop (computer)   r Laptop,  s Notebook  (The German terms  r Schoßrechner  or  Tragrechner  are rarely used.) load (v.)   laden log in/on (v.)   einloggen  Ã‚  hes logging in  er loggt ein  Ã‚  she cant log in  sie kann nicht einloggen log out/off (v.)   ausloggen,  abmelden link (n.)   r Querverweis,  r/s Link link (to) (v.)   verweisen (auf)  accus.,  einen Link angeben link, combine, integrate   verknà ¼pfen mailbox   e Mailbox  (computers and email only) mailing  n.  Ã‚  s Mailing  (mass mailing or mail shot) mailing list   e Mailingliste mark (as read)  v.  Ã‚  (als gelesen)  markieren memory (RAM)   r Arbeitsspeicher,  r Speicher  Ã‚  amount of memory  e Speicherkapazitt  Ã‚  insufficient memory  ungenà ¼gender Speicher  Ã‚  not enough memory to load image  nicht genug Speicher, um Bild zu laden menu (computer)  s Menà ¼Ã‚  Ã‚  menu bar/strip  e Menà ¼zeile/e Menà ¼leiste message (email)   e Nachricht,  e Mail  (eine Mail)  Ã‚  email messages   die Mails  (pl.)  Ã‚  new messages   neue Mails  (pl.)  Ã‚  sort messages   die Mails sortieren  Ã‚  unread messages   ungelesene Mails  (pl.) message (notice)   e Meldung  (-en)  Ã‚  message window  s Meldungsfenster mouse (mice)   e Maus  (Muse)  Ã‚  mouse click   r Mausklick  Ã‚  mouse pad   e Mausmatte  Ã‚  right/left mouse button  rechte/linke Maustaste monitor  n.  Ã‚  r Monitor online  adj.  Ã‚  online,  angeschlossen,  verbunden open  v.  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¶ffnen  Ã‚   open in new window   in neuem Fenster à ¶ffnen operating system   s Betriebssystem  (Mac OS X, Windows XP, etc.) page(s)   e Seite  (-n)  Ã‚   page up/down (key)  Bild nach oben/unten  (e Taste) password   s Passwort,  s Kennwort  Ã‚   password protection   r Passwortschutz  Ã‚   password protected   passwortgeschà ¼tzt  Ã‚   password required   Passwort erforderlich paste (cut and paste)   einfà ¼gen  (ausschneiden und einfà ¼gen) post (v.)   eine Nachricht senden/eintragen  Ã‚   post a new message   neue Nachricht,  neuer Beitrag/Eintrag power (on/off) button   e Netztaste power cord   s Netzkabel press (key) (v.)   drà ¼cken auf previous - next   zurà ¼ck  -  weiter previous settings   vorherige Einstellungen  (pl.) printer   r Drucker print cartridge(s)   e Druckpatrone(n),  e Druckerpatrone(n),  e Druckkopfpatrone(n) program (n.)   s Programm R - Z restart (program)   neu starten return/enter key   e Eingabetaste screen (monitor)   r Bildschirm scroll (v.)   blttern search (v.)   suchen search engine   e Suchmaschinesearch form   e Suchmaske settings   die Einstellungen  (Pl.) shift key   e Umschalttaste shortcut  s Schnellverfahren,  r Shortcut  Ã‚  as a shortcut  im Schnellverfahren shut down, close (application)   beendenshut down (computer)   herunterfahren  (...und ausschalten)  Ã‚  the computer is shutting down  der Computer wird heruntergefahren  Ã‚  restart  neu starten space key   die Leertaste spam, junk mail (n.)   die Werbemails  (pl.) spell check (a document)   e Rechtschreibung  (eines Dokuments)  prà ¼fenspell-checker   e Rechtschreibhilfe,  r Rechtschreibprà ¼fer  (-) start (program) (v.)   starten  Ã‚  he starts the program  er startet das Programm  Ã‚  restart  neu starten subject (re:)   r Betreff  (Betr.),  s Thema  (topic) subject (topic)   s Thema submit (v.)   absenden,  senden,  einen Befehl absetzen  Ã‚  submit button  r Submit-Knopf,  r Sendeknopf system   s Systemsystem requirements   Systemvoraussetzungen  pl. tag  n.  Ã‚  s Tag  (HTML tag - not to be confused with  r Tag   day) text   r Text  Ã‚   text box   r Textkasten,  e Textbox  Ã‚   text field   s Textfeld  (-er) text message   r SMS  (see SMS for details) thread (in a forum)   r Faden tool   s Tool  (-s),  s Werkzeug  (-e)toolbar   e Toolbar  (-s),  e Toolleiste  (-n) transfer, download  v.  Ã‚  herunterladen  (email, files) transfer, move (to a folder)   verschieben trash  n.  Ã‚  r Papierkorb,  r Abfalleimer troubleshoot   Fehler beheben turn on, switch on   einschalten  Ã‚   Turn on your printer.   Schalten Sie den Drucker ein. underline  n.  (_)  r Unterstrich update  n.  Ã‚  e Aktualisierung  (-en),  e Änderung  (-en),  s Update  (-s)  Ã‚   last update (on)   letzte Änderung  (am) upgrade  n.  Ã‚  s Upgrade  (-s) user   r Anwender,  r Benutzer,  r Nutzer,  r User  Ã‚   user I.D.   s Nutzerkennzeichen  (-) virus   s/r Virus  (Viren)  Ã‚   Trojan horses, viruses, worms   Trojaner, Viren, Wà ¼rmervirus scanner   r Virenscanner  (-) Wi-Fi   s WLAN  (pron.  VAY-LAHN) - Wireless LAN (local area network)Note: In the U.S. and many other countries, Wi-Fi is used as a synonym for WLAN, although technically the term is a registered trademark related to the WECA (Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance) organization that developed the Wi-Fi standard and the Wi-Fi logo. See the  Wi-Fi Alliance  site for more. worm (virus)   r Wurm  (Wà ¼rmer)  Ã‚   Trojan horses, viruses, worms   Trojaner, Viren, Wà ¼rmer

Summarizing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summarizing - Essay Example These two groups arguably will have less to offer by way of industry experience, with possible implications on the perception and reality of the education quality from this revamped educator pool. The key thing is the study is in the culling of the perceptions of existing faculty and the student body tied to how important faculty experience in the industry is. The study findings are said to be relevant with regard to informing school planners and administrators on how best to keep the level of academic rigor high within their programs, with the perceptions being used as inputs in devising hiring programs for educators moving forward (Phelan, Mejia and Hertzman 2013). The study proponents listed down three objectives for the study. One is the determination of the importance faculty place on experience in the industry preceding the teaching phase. Two is the determination of how faculty perceives how important industry experience is to the teaching posts in different disciplines within the hospitality umbrella discipline. Three is the determination how related the industry experience of faculty member is to the importance placed on industry experience prior to the teaching phase (Phelan, Mejia and Hertzman 2013). II. Literature Review The literature review traces the roots of the hospitality field as an academic discipline and as a professional practice to the trainings that were given in the course of employees doing their work in restaurants as well as hotels. This vocational education gave rise to more structured educational programs that soon became full-fledged academic programs. Having its roots in practice, however, the hospitality academic education is seen as benefitting from the experience gained by educators in the field, doing the actual work, and then supplementing the experience with the academic rigor associated with structured educational programs that grant degrees. The problem lies precisely in the perceptions with regard to the lack of experien tial grounding in the industry for some of the academic practitioners and how that lack of experience leads to a disconnect between theory or academics and actual industry experience or practice. The literature review then goes on to examine studies relating to practices to bridge the divide between practice on the one hand and theory on the other, with the emphasis on improving learning outcomes by making sure that educators are properly grounded in substantial experience in the industry (Phelan, Mejia and Hertzman 2013). III. Methodology An online survey of 445 faculty in the hospitality discipline was conducted, with the survey being self-directed and the link to the survey being sent out via emails to the potential respondents, and out of that total population a total of 39.3 percent sent responses via email of their completed surveys. Of the respondents, just 4 percent had no prior industry experience in the hospitality field, and the respondents represented faculty in 18 diffe rent countries, with most of the respondents coming from the United States. The other represented countries in the survey are the following:

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 15

Finance - Essay Example Note: The category ‘Economic inactivity’ includes all people who are not in paid employment or actively looking for a job, while ‘Unemployed’ only includes people actively looking for a job and available to work in the next two weeks (the standard definition of unemployment). ‘Total population’ refers to people living in private households (i.e. not in residential care homes, community centres or prisons). The government decisions that can affect the flow of cash from both households and corporate is Fiscal and Monetary Policies which includes, the taxation which is interest rates and the government spending(Riley 2012) The money that flow to the government includes, savings, payments made to the government, and the taxes. The types of taxes that are paid to the government include, council tax1, taxes on income , National Savings & Investments savings, and government bonds, while payments to government includes, rents paid for living in buildings own by the government(Vivienne Brown and Alan Shipman). If government decides to increase taxes, it means that the money flowing to the households will go done while money flowing to the government will go up. Furthermore, if the government reduces the money which is going towards the citizen then it means that the money flowing towards the households will go down. The amount of money that flows from households to corporate includes payments to financial institutions, and spending on services and goods. Spending on services and goods include, money used on foods, leisure, rent, purchase of financial product, clothing and repayment of debts among others. Money that flows from corporations includes loans and incomes, for example salary and dividends. The government can affect this flow of money from households to corporations and vice versa by coming up with monetary policy, and depending where its leaning to then money would flow towards that direction. For

A summary of an article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A summary of an article - Essay Example covered with water but increasing unplanned use of the same, growing civilization as well as extensive development of current through water dams increasing the possibility of water shortage all over the globe. Not only the natural calamities are responsible for this, the growing trend of global warming, development of dam to develop hydropower, artificially manipulating the normal flow of the river to develop new civilization all are key reasons behind this growing threat of water scarcity â€Å"Many communities are revitalizing their rivers by tearing down dams that are no longer safe or serving a justifiable purpose.† Change in the climate condition making the chances of devastating floods more and more frequent. With the growing demand of water people are now using science and technology to control the normal flow and path of various rivers to make it feasible to develop civilization but at the same time it is making disaster quite obvious and more and more regular. To main tain the availability of the water it is very important for the people all over the globe to control the unnecessary wastage of the water. As a matter of fact â€Å"Conservation remains the least expensive and most environmentally sound way of balancing water budgets.† It is important for the people to review their own style of living, food pattern, and also must balance the use of both energy and water. Generally energy and water are very much interconnected with one another and also equally important for the civilization. People must make it sure that they keeping a balance between both to make water resource adequately available for the future generation as well as for the development of the

Quality of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Quality of Life - Essay Example According to a report by MSN Staff, the annual human development index for the year 2009 was released ranking Norway on the top of the list of 182 countries. The lowest ranking is awarded to Niger while Canada comes on the number 10th . The statistics of human development report and resources provide essential information about the human development index and other indicators . HDRO uses the statistics taken from international data agencies. Data sources are provided at the end of each table that can be matched to references in the bibliography . Different units are assigned different jobs. The Outreach and Advocacy Unit holds discussions with policy makers and encourages public debates, and functions in the direction of bringing change on the basis of ideas and analysis of the HDRs. Currently, Wynne Boelt is the Outreach Analyst and Marisol Sanjines is the Senior Outreach and Advocacy Advisor of the Unit. The criteria used in establishing the QoL index are different in UNDP and other private agencies. The human development index goes beyond GDP to a wider definition of quality of life. It maps overall human development that is estimated from long and healthy life, education -- to be estimated from adult education and raw admission data, and a well maintained living standard to be estimated by equality in buying capacity, PPP, and income. The index is not a complete entity in human development as it misses on other crucial parameters of gender and income inequality or not easy to measure definitions of human dignity and political freedom. The index is a wide mirror of human growth and the complicated relationship between income and living standard (Human Development Report 2009). Out of many variants of HDI, short-term policy change is affected by income and

Imbalance and maldistribution of physicians Essay

Imbalance and maldistribution of physicians - Essay Example The Bureau of Health Professions (1992) proffered that â€Å"the relative shortage of physicians in rural areas of the United States is 1 of the few constants in any description of the US medical care system. About 20% of the US population—more than 50 million people—live in rural areas, but only 9% of the nations physicians practice in rural communities†. The relevant findings of the study by Rosenblatt & Hart indicated that factors such as specialty choice, gender, and managed care influence the prevalence of physicians in rural areas. As stipulated, the more specialized the physicians are, the more likely that they will settle in urban areas. Likewise, the increase in the number of women in the medical profession reveals preferences of practicing in urban areas than in rural areas. Finally, the effect of managed care to physician imbalance and maldistribution is clearly explained by Rosenblatt & Hart (2000, 1), to wit: â€Å"managed care is a 2-edged sword, both with regard to geographic maldistribution and rural medical underservice. Managed care networks have the potential to provide organizational vehicles for hiring and deploying physicians in areas that could not support independent physicians on their own†. With the disparity, the health care industry must seek ways and means to address this dilemma to enable all Ameri cans to avail of professional health care services on an equal

The importance and impact of Training and Development of employees Essay

The importance and impact of Training and Development of employees - Essay Example Training and development do not come cheap, but in a competitive commercial environment a failure to realize the human potential within an organization can be very costly (HR Magazine). Training and development are not only the responsibility of the organization, but also of the individual employees. Given that training and development require an investment by both the individual and the organization, an investment that can be measured in both financial and time terms, it is important that both partners receive value for money. It is also important to note that training and development do not occur in an organizational vacuum – they should be linked to the overall goals and strategies of the organization and to the life goals and strategies of the individual (Aguinis and Kraiger 452).In this paper, I will endeavor to define what organizations, specifically the Human Resource Department, mean by training and development, and how these processes impact the organizations’ performance and success. Towards the end of this research stories of three recognized international companies that have shown success and growth through recognizing the importance of investing in training and development will be discussed.In order to understand how training and development benefit an organization’s performance and success, concepts relating to training and development need to be discussed first. ... Defining Training and Development: In order to understand how training and development benefit an organization’s performance and success, concepts relating to training and development need to be discussed first. These concepts that will be covered in this section of the paper are: learning, training, development, education, coaching, and mentoring. Learning Learning is the process by which behavior and attitudes are changed. One of the major debates in child development and education has been on the question of how much behavior is innate and how much is learnt – the ‘‘nature or nurture’’ debate. A psychological definition of learning is â€Å"any change in the general activity of an organism the effects of which persist and recur over a period of time and which are strengthened by repetition and practice† (Thomson 215). Although this is quite an old definition, it covers the major points about learning very comprehensively – the fact that learning persists and recurs and that it is strengthened by repetition and practice. Indeed, if the new behavior does not persist then it is generally accepted that learning has not occurred. Training Training is very specific and is concerned with the mastering of a particular task or set of tasks. At its most basic, training does not require understanding of the whys and wherefores. It is fairly easy to train a pigeon to select a particular shape from a collection of shapes or a Seeing Eye dog to guide a human being around obstacles or to sniff out drugs and explosives. The training process with animals involves rewards and punishments – a food treat as reward and a harsh word

Imbalance and maldistribution of physicians Essay

Imbalance and maldistribution of physicians - Essay Example The Bureau of Health Professions (1992) proffered that â€Å"the relative shortage of physicians in rural areas of the United States is 1 of the few constants in any description of the US medical care system. About 20% of the US population—more than 50 million people—live in rural areas, but only 9% of the nations physicians practice in rural communities†. The relevant findings of the study by Rosenblatt & Hart indicated that factors such as specialty choice, gender, and managed care influence the prevalence of physicians in rural areas. As stipulated, the more specialized the physicians are, the more likely that they will settle in urban areas. Likewise, the increase in the number of women in the medical profession reveals preferences of practicing in urban areas than in rural areas. Finally, the effect of managed care to physician imbalance and maldistribution is clearly explained by Rosenblatt & Hart (2000, 1), to wit: â€Å"managed care is a 2-edged sword, both with regard to geographic maldistribution and rural medical underservice. Managed care networks have the potential to provide organizational vehicles for hiring and deploying physicians in areas that could not support independent physicians on their own†. With the disparity, the health care industry must seek ways and means to address this dilemma to enable all Ameri cans to avail of professional health care services on an equal

Suppliments and Herbs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Suppliments and Herbs - Essay Example Sheep Sorrel The herb is gaining popularity from its actions against cancer and use as anti-inflammatory. It is readily available, and there is no yet evaluation from FDA. It has various components within it that support its function in prevention and treatment of cancer. It contains the beta-carotene that performs the antioxidant function that increases the T-cells to kill cancerous cells and WBCs. The herb has polysaccharides and rutins that prevent cancerous growth and tumors. The herb further contains oxalic acid that has anticancer and antitumor properties. All these components within the herb assist in the prevention of cancer and reducing the side effects of chemotherapy. Patients suffering from gout, kidney stones, and arthritis should avoid using this herb due to its side effects. Garlic There is also evidence supporting that Garlic is a herb that can prevent and treat cancer. The research shows that it is one of the best remedies for the disease. The herb has sulfur compounds that neutralize carcinogens and further contribute to shrinking of the tumor. It acts to stop the carcinogens and facilitate repair of DNA by use of vitamins and minerals to prevent the possibility of cancer. They also have allium compounds that boost immune cells to fight cancer. Garlic further has flavonoids and arginine that are beneficial to health. Nonetheless, patients using these herbs need to take precaution due to their side effects. High consumption of these herbs may cause strong body odors and in some cases, there are allergies.

Calorimeters Essay Example for Free

Calorimeters Essay The Calorimeters Calorimeters are a device that can measure the heat that comes from burning an item. Simple Calorimeter A simple calorimeter is used to detect the enthalpy change when a fuel is burned. The fuel is burnt to heat a specific mass of water and then measure its rise in temperature. The word calorimeter comes from the Latin phrase calor which means heat. A simple calorimeter just consists of a thermometer attached to a metal container full of water suspended above a combustion chamber. Below is a diagram of a simple calorimeter. The temperature of the water allows for calculating calorie content of the fuel. Pressurized with pure oxygen and containing a known mass of a sample and a small amount of water, it is submerged under a known volume of water before the charge is electrically ignited. The bomb, with the sample and oxygen, form a closed system, no air escapes during the reaction. The energy released by the combustion raises the temperature of the steel bomb, its contents, and the surrounding water jacket. The temperature change in the water is then accurately measured. This temperature rise, along with a bomb factor (which is dependent on the heat capacity of the metal bomb parts) is used to calculate the energy given out by the sample burn. A small correction is made to account for the electrical energy input, the burning fuse, and acid production (by titration of the residual liquid). After the temperature rise has been measured, the excess pressure in the bomb is released. Basically, a bomb calorimeter consists of a small cup to contain the sample, oxygen, a stainless steel bomb, water, a stirrer, a thermometer and ignition circuit connected to the bomb. Below is a diagram of a bomb calorimeter.

Occupational Health And Safety Management Systems Construction Essay

Occupational Health And Safety Management Systems Construction Essay Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMS) have been defined by Gallagher as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a combination of the planning and review, the management organisational arrangements, the consultative arrangements, and the specific program elements that work together in an integrated way to improve health and safety performance A management system is a set of interrelated elements used to establish the policy and objectives, and to reach these objectives, it includes an organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources. The implementation process of a management system adds value to organizational culture since it develops competences related to the planning and execution of activities, prioritizes the capacity of team work and promotes the improved reliability of production systems.According to OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (2007), occupational health and safety are conditions and factors that affect, or could affect, the health and safety of employees or other workers (including temporaries and outsourced workers), visitors or any other person at the workplace. An occupational health and safety management system can be defined as part of the organizations management system used to develop and implement its policy and manage its occupational health and safety risks (OHSAS 18001, 2007). The implementation of occupational health and safety management systems has been the main strategy to combat the serious social and economic problem of work-related accidents and illnesses and it can also be used by companies as a factor to increase competitiveness (TRIVELATO, 2002). When an employee is hired by a company, the perception he has regarding the physical and social environment he finds will influence his daily behavior. That is why aspects such as order, cleanliness and personal hygiene are of utmost importance, as is the organization and utilization of space by means of an appropriate layout (BARBOSA FILHO, 2001). OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management System The British Standard BS 8800 (Guide to Occupational Health and Safety Systems), created in 1996, was the first successful attempt at establishing a standard reference for implementing a health and safety management system. It aims at improving the organizations performance in terms of health and safety, providing guidance with regards to how its management should be integrated with the administration of other aspects of company performance. This standard was broadly disseminated throughout the world and adopted in the most diverse industries. It is comprised of a series of elements (requirements); however, it does not establish performance criteria or even specifications on how to design the system. In 1999, OHSAS 18001 was published by the British Standards Institution (BSI). It was elaborated by a group of international entities (BVQI, DNV, LLOYDS, SGS and others), which used BS 8800 as its basis. It was developed in response to the needs of companies to manage their occupational health and safety obligations more efficiently. In July 2007, OHSAS 18001:1999 was replaced by OHSAS 18001:2007, and some alterations were introduced, thus reflecting the experience of 16,000 certified organizations in more than 80 countries (QSP, 2007). OHSAS 18001 aims at providing organizations with elements of an effective occupational health and safety management system that can be integrated with other management requirements and help them achieve their OHS and economic objectives (OHSAS 18001, 2007). It is applicable to every type and size of organization and can be integrated with other management systems (quality, environment and social responsibility) in order to help them achieve their occupational health and safety objectives. As per Figure 1, OHSAS is based on PDCA methodology (OHSAS 18001, 2007). This OHSAS Standard is based on the methodology known as Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA). PDCA can be briefly described as follows. Plan: establish the objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in accordance with the organizations OHS policy. Do: implement the processes. Check: monitor and measure processes against OHS policy, objectives, legal and other requirements, and report the results. Act: take actions to continually improve OHS performance Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) 18001 provides the mechanism for occupational health and safety management, helps companies in the systematic inspection and measurement of the degree of their suitability, as well as trains employee to understand their role in the health safety system and its improvement. Companies hoping to implement an effective occupational health and safety management system should have a clear understanding of the changes in health and safety laws, as well as potential hazards existing inside the factory. A good understanding could reduce accidents, accident and calamity risks, as well as upgrade the general health and safety risk control efficiency of the company. The study explains the implementation performance and execution procedure of the occupational health safety management system based on actual implementation experience of the occupational health safety management system. Occupational health safety management system establis hment experiences showed that one undergoes eight stages when setting up an OHSAS 18001 compliant health and safety management system execution procedure; namely, preparation, initial review, planning, documentation, implementation operation, checking corrective action, management review, and continuous improvement. 1.0 Preparation Stage Preparatory work and psychological construction are fairly important in the establishment of the occupational health safety management system. Generally, during the initial period of introducing occupational health safety management system into a factory, factory workers already possessed a health and safety precognition, as well as understand that the establishment of the company occupational health safety management system would require their full coordination and support. The primary function of this stage is to foster top executive support and authorization, implementing body organization, and stimulation of personnel recognition. Top executive support and authorization Top executive is the highest authority of the occupational health safety management system, as well as the highest decision making manager of the factory However, prior to setting up system, a factory should obtain the approval and support of its top executive. The occupational health safety management system establishment responsibility and authority should be assigned to the appropriate personnel to integrate internal existing resources and dissolve possible resistance that may surface during the execution process. A specific measure would be to employ a paper or hierarchic order relay method starting from the top factory executive, e.g. chairman, CEO, president, or factory manager, openly making official explanation of the system to the management executives and operators. For instance, holding a Kick-off Meeting or employing other official announcement or publication to notify managers and staff about the establishment of the occupational health safety management system. It is imperative that each individual should understand the companys determination in promoting the occupational health safety management system. Organizing an implementing body Clear-cut scope of individual responsibilities is an imperative essential of a good management system. OHSAS 18001 requires the assignment of corresponding responsibilities to employees, clearing defining their responsibilities, authority, and mutual relationship. The management should provide the resources needed for execution, as well as appoint the suitable management representative. Hence, the organization should have a written document clearly defining the role of each individual in the system to allow each person to understand his/her importance, responsibilities, and authority in the scheme of operations, position in the organization, and the vertical relationship of the management level. The organization might explain to the persons in charge, positions and management level possessing the relevant management responsibilities in the handbook or procedure manual. The regular training and internal communication channels may be used to make each person understand the nature of hi s/her responsibility. As for management responsibilities, aside from total authority delegation, it is also necessary to provide the appropriate resources; e.g. money, manpower, materials, technology, information source. The management representative is the soul of the occupational health safety management system. Pursuant to higher management instructions, he/she is responsible for leading the system to the right path, as well as verifying the right operating responsibilities of the occupational health safety management system and report system execution performance to higher management. Stimulating health and safety recognition of employees Education and training are important tools organizations use to maintain the professional knowledge and skills of employees; especially during the early stage of occupational health safety management system establishment. Education and training are the best means for upgrading personnel skills, stimulating employee understanding of his/her work as well as health and safety effects. A training premise is that the organization should first identify the individuals expose to potential serious health and safety risks to provide a suitable training. Likewise, employees assigned to special jobs should possess adequate educational background, training and experience for the job. Generally, the business sector does not have a clear perception of health and safety, therefore under such deficient information supply, employees could hardly understand their role in the health and safety problems, needless to say take measures to further ensure his/her or another partys safety. The OHSAS 18001 training requirement goes beyond work technology, it also emphasizes recognition upgrade. Factories introducing the occupational health safety management system concept may use education and training as a foundation; when requiring employees to maintain or upgrade their skills, factories should first allow employees to understand correlation between and importance of their work and health safety. Organizations may relay health safety management system requirements to employees through means most suitable to the factory culture. If everyone understands ones role and responsibility in the system, then working under the health and safety effects, one would be able to upgrade ones health and safety performance, as well as gladly coordinate with the health safety management system of the company. 2 Initial review period During the establishment of the occupational health safety management system, initial review of the condition understanding and data compilation work provided the formulation of subsequent or amendment of occupational health safety policies; formulation of objectives and management programs; definition of references for standard procedure documents. Initial review is not part of the OHSAS 18001 certification requirement, however those who have not established their occupational health safety management system in the OHSAS 18002 may use this measure as foundation of subsequent operations. Initial review allowed factories to understand fully the relationship between their internal operations and the safety problems, as well as the safety problems and responsibilities of the factories. The purpose of initial review is to provide a thorough understanding of the health and safety advantages and disadvantages of the organization per se, well as provide a clear-cut direction for the futu re occupational health safety management system. The endeavor is like a medical examination; it is used to understand the health and safety weaknesses and probable improvements inside the factory. The matter of weakness improvement will form the future execution content of future occupational health safety management system execution. Initial review findings are finally compiled into the initial review report by the organization or an appointed person in charge. The report should be able to summarily explain matters under investigation, present a conclusion and suggestions for future to management review and future reference purposes. 3 Framework and planning period Following the completion of initial review and factories development of a general health and safety consensus comes future health and safety policymaking. Framework and planning execution covers the following: defining health and safety policies, setting objectives, organizing health and safety management programs, and formulation of document outline. Defining health and safety policies Health and safety policies manifest the commitment of the top executive, it is also the highest guiding principle of the health safety management system, the force behind the implementation and improvement of the health safety management system, as well as the manifestation of the organizations intentions in terms of health and safety responsibility and performance requirements. Likewise it serves as the standard for future occupational health safety management system establishment and improvement. Prior to the establishment of occupational health safety policies, the top executive should have a full understanding of organizational conditions as well as the hazards and health safety risks resulting from factory operations. The top executive should also have a thorough understanding to determine and manifest adequately intentions and direct future organization direction. Health and safety affairs often existed under a high subjective consciousness; hence the suitability of the he alth and safety policies could determine the success or failure of the occupational health safety management system. During the execution of the continuous improvement process, subjective and objective factors would change with progress; hence for the effective system operation, health and safety policies should be properly adjusted and amended in response to time and space changes. Defining health and safety objectives For effective risk control and reduction, as well as health and safety policy realization purposes, the organization should define health and safety objectives. The health and safety objectives should be able to manifest health and safety policies and be consistent with their objectives. Objectives should be expressed in writing and extend to every relevant management mechanism. Generally, health and safety objectives should be specific and as much as possible be measurable. Regardless which manner objectives are defined, they should focus on the significant hazards as well as health and safety risks of the factory. When formulating the health and safety objectives, in addition to the factory resource, skill and feasibility considerations, it is also imperative to consider the extent of the influence of the health and safety risks. The health and safety policy realization function of the health and safety objectives should also allow the upgrade of the general health and safety perfo rmance, moreover health and safety objectives should be quantifiable as much as possible. Defining the health and safety management program The health and safety management program is defined for the achievement of objectives; hence it should be able to layout the method, time, person(s) in charge, and goals of each department. Primary considerations include: derivation of specific action plans from objectives, clear-cut and flexible responsibility definition of management program executors, timely revisions. Generally, a program is often creates for a single objective and the achievement time of each objective may vary. A factory could consolidate the other programs or plans under implementation for the simultaneous achievement of multiple projected objectives. Since a management program is the bridge between planning and execution, the various execution requirements (e.g. framework and responsibility, operations and document control, communication, inspection, etc.) should be clearly defined to ensure smooth execution. Formulating document outline The primary objective of document outline formulation is to integrate the occupational health safety management system into the existing management system of the company for the realization of occupational health safety management operations. To ensure the proper execution of occupational health safety management system policies, objectives and management programs, integration with the existing system is imperative. Moreover, for the purpose of reducing excessive overlapping management documents, one should prepare the document outline beforehand. The more popular method is to prepare a checklist of existing management documents, may them be ISO 9000, ISO 14001, or other management system documents; then a comparative study with health and safety policies, objectives, and management programs should be conducted. Documents for addition or amendment should be identified then submitted to the departments concerned for preparatory work. The existing document management system of the c ompany may be used as the opener for the internal management system integration to facilitate quality, environment, occupational health safety management system integration. The endeavor would not only boost system operation efficiency, but also reduce the resistance due to the implementation of a new system. 4 Documentation stage What the OHSAS 18001 requires is a complete system managing health and safety affairs, not a bunch of scattered management techniques. Hence, every management method and document regulation of the system should be systematically and documentarily expressed for the creation of a future management system that is written into uniformity. Therefore, document amendment, utilization, maintenance, preservation, and control should be regulated through written rules for utilization and management convenience. Documents should be properly updated, valid, clearly identified, and easily traced for the effective management execution. Every document should be able to reflect work conditions, and duly evaluated by the approving authority. Document compilation, preservation, revision, and retraction should be suit time and place. Generally, one should still refer to the ISO 14001 document control and best options available during the implementation of OHSAS 18001; since the two came from the same or igin and are highly compatible. OHSAS 18001 does not have many documentation procedures; but whatever circumstances are, aside from the procedure, the factory should define the criteria for support based on its requirements. Let us take hazard detection for instance some companies would separately define procedures for the acquisition of relevant documents or methods that would ameliorate management information. In the case of objective definition, the provisions only required organizations to establish documentation objectives, but some companies separately formulated procedures for objective definition, or use a complete procedure to define the steps and precautions necessary for the planning portion. 5 Implementation and operation stage It does not matter what planning objectives were, how perfect planning was, or if planning was effective, what matters is the implementation execution. If policies, objectives, and programs are but matters of propaganda or are regarded as slogans, then their effects could not be optimized and the final planning objectives could never be achieved. In terms of the first health and safety management system established, since initial review was not included in the regular scope of execution of the system, one need not use a specific operating procedure to implement it. Once the health and safety policies have been set, proper utilization of initial review experience could simultaneously establish the document and execution plan procedures. Having completed planning operations, it is imperative to execute plan according to the management program. The relevant procedures, provisions, and operating standards should be established before program execution to avoid implementation difficulties . The more special requirements in the execution of the occupational health safety management system are communication and consultation. Since health and safety affairs are often interlinked and closely related to other parties, it is not just a matter of doing the job well, but one should also exchange opinions with the related groups or individuals whenever necessary. When dealing with internal operations, it is imperative to have two-way communication and consultation channels; when dealing with external matters, a good management is not dependent on ones singular determination. It should be recognized by the external community; moreover, while handling health and safety affairs, the organization should acquire the consensus of interested parties to reduce conflicts and doubts. The organization should be willing to coordinate related safety regulations and control. 6 Checking and corrective action stage It is imperative to continually check system execution trend to keep the health safety management system operating properly; the examination and corrective measures serve this function. The OHSAS 18001 requires system to have at least inspection and measurement procedure, corrective and preventive measures for inconsistent conditions, recording, health and safety management system audit. These features are correlated and could keep system operation within the prescribed parameters of the law and standards.à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Inspection and measurement should be realized in daily operations and conducted in line with record management procedures. Records allow the tracing of execution results, so at the event of inconsistent conditions (including false alarm incidents), the authorized personnel should investigate matters as per prescribed procedure to reduce health and safety risks and prevent the recurrence of the same problem. In terms of health safety management system audit, the organization should institute procedure and program control to ensure that system would not deviate from the plan and be efficiently maintained and executed. The audit also provides the management a basis for evaluation. The progress of a health safety management system is due to continuous follow-up and improvement. Techniques employed are health safety management system audit and top executive management review. The purpose of health safety management system audit is to make sure the organization accomplished the job. It is regular conducted by the internal auditor of the factory, who examines whether operations meet the prescribed procedure and standards; whether departments complied with health and safety policies and objectives. The management review aims to ensure that job is done properly and done by the authorized top executive. The audit reports, past records, and inspection results determine whether the next stage of the entire organization and management system will be in the right direction. 7 Management review The completion of the management review marks the end of a PDCA cycle; it means one could prepare official verification. Prior to the official evaluation of the verification personnel, the factory should verify the completion of the following important matters: at least one PDCA management cycle was completed; the appropriate records were retained; all required documents were executed; version has been updated; execution operation records were written and approved as regulated; related supporting documents are attached; related parties have a full understanding of the health safety policies, health safety risks, and objective execution conditions; subcontractors and vendors were included in the health safety management system management; health safety management system audit has been improved (including internal audit or external evaluation); resolution of the deficiencies found during the previous audit, conclusion of management review, or other matters under related procedure e xecution. 8 Continuous improvement stage Introducing a new management system would give rise to problems during implementation. As long as problems are not serious enough to cause system breakdown or failure, improvements could be instituted. Continuous improvement of the system could be effected through management system audit and management review; as such is a basic requirement of OHSAS 18001. Prior knowledge of factors that may lead to possible problems could save manpower and material costs, as well as post-mortem efforts. The factory should maintain such a healthy state of mind when executing the OHSAS 18001, instead of going on a blind pursuit of a piece of certificate, this way, the factory not only alleviates personnel injury and environmental damages, reduce risk, reduce cost, improve factory image, upgrade factory performance through the health safety management system. In the continuous improvement process, the two major mechanisms fostering continuous improvement are health safety management system audit and management review. A planned and full-scale health safety management system audit could locate the common factors and special factors causing the health and safety performance problems resulting from system deficiency. The top executive determines the right direction for the systematic consideration of health and safety problem solutions, as well as the continuous execution of the PDCA logic continuous improvement mechanisms.

Anorexia Nervosa - Includes Bi Essay -- essays research papers fc

Anorexia Nervosa   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In America, girls are given the message at a very young age that in order to be happy and successful, they must be thin. Given the value which society places on being thin, it is not surprising that eating disorders are on the increase. Every time you walk into a store, you are surrounded by the images of emaciated models that appear on the covers of fashion magazines. Thousands of teenage girls are starving themselves daily in an effort to attain what the fashion industry considers to be the â€Å"ideal† figure. The average model weighs 23% less than the average woman. Maintaining a weight 20% below your expected body weight fits the criteria for the emotional eating disorder known as anorexia. Most models, according to medical standards, fit into the category of being anorexic (Thompson, Colleen).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anorexia has been known and recognized by doctors for at least 300 years. Most researchers agree that the number of patients with this life threatening disease is increasing at an alarming rate. The Rice Counseling Center defines anorexia as â€Å"an emotional disorder characterized by an intense fear of becoming obese, lack of self-esteem and distorted body image which results in self-induced starvation†. In accordance with information given by the Counseling Center at the University of Lawson 2 Virginia, the development of this disease generally begins at the age of 11 or 18. Significantly, these ages coincide with new phases of a girl’s life, the commencement and ending of adolescence. Recent estimates suggest that out of every 200 American girls between this age span, one will develop anorexia to some degree. The disease develops over a period of time during which the sufferer changes her eating patterns from normal or near normal to a very restricted diet (S.C.A.R.E.D. Website). This process can take anywhere from months to years. Clinically, an anorexic is diagnosed by having a body weight 20% below the expected body weight of a healthy person at the same age and height of the eating disorder patient. The anorexic often becomes frightened of gaining weight and even of food itself. The patient may feel fat, even though their body weight is well below the normal weight for their height. Some also feel they do not deserve pleasure out of life and will deprive themselves of situations offe... ...ily, friends, and the reasons she may have fallen into a pattern of self-starvation. As a patient learns more about her condition, she is often more willing to try to help herself recover. In treating anorexia nervosa, it is extremely important to remember that immediate success does not guarantee a permanent cure. Sometimes, even after successful hospital treatment and return to normal weight, patients suffer relapses. Follow-up therapy lasting three to five years is recommended if the patient is to be completely cured (Cove, Judy). Lawson 6 Works Cited Thompson, Colleen. â€Å"Society and Eating Disorders.† Mirror Mirror 19, October 1998. Online. Available http://www.mirror-mirror.org/society.htm Accessed 23, October 1998. Saunders, Janice. â€Å"Anorexia and Bulimia.† S.C.A.R.E.D. Online. Available http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Spa/3901/index.html Accessed 23, October 1998. Cove, Dr. Judy. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa General Information.† Mental Health Net Online. Available http://www.cmhc.com Accessed 23, October 1998. Pearson, Nanett. â€Å"A Personal Recovery Story: Starving for Attention.† Attention Online. Available http://www.laureate.com/attention.html Accessed 31, October 1998.