Testifying as a Law Enforcement Professional Research Paper

Testifying as a Law Enforcement Professional - Research Paper ExampleThe affirmation of any investigator or professional should be confined to the scope of expertise of that person as demonstrated by experience, training and education. The extent of the experience, training and education needed to show up is determined by the legal authority in which the professional witness is testifying. It is also permissible for an investigator and professional to show up an expert opinion (Kleinig and Zhang, 1993, p. 19). A deposition serves to prove a point or element of the slickness against a defendant. A professional witness or law enforcement military officer should never underestimate their case in establishing a defendants guilt. Establishing a defendants guilt is based upon the cogency and totality of the evidence presented. If the evidence is not convincing, then a jury or judge mustiness acquit the defendant, but if powerful pieces of evidence atomic number 18 present, then i t can lead to conviction of the defendant. exclusively witnesses having firsthand knowledge of the important facts of a case are allowed to testify at a trial. However, their testimony is restricted to their personal knowledge. This is what they personally know about the victim or defendant. Thus, a person who witnesses an cam stroke and the first law enforcement officers to be at the scene have personal knowledge of the occurrence prima(p) to the case and are likely to be summoned to testify about what they witnessed. A professional witness, on the otherwise hand, gives a professional opinion on a case. Professional witnesses are involved in a case when technical, specialized or scientific knowledge is required to establish a fact that is controversial. A witness may be qualified as an expert by education, training, skill, experience, or knowledge. The witness may, therefore, testify basing his or her on the evidence he or she gathers (Kleinig and Zhang, 1993, p. 25). A law en forcement officer has a business as a professional witness. The law enforcement officer has a crucial role in the prospering conviction of a criminal. Therefore, the officer must determine whether the evidence established is sufficient enough to kick the bucket with a trial. It is the duty of the officer to make sure all relevant and appropriate evidence comes to light. The enforcement officer must fully record all visual, sensory and verbal observation, know what to listen and look for and be motivated to apply their skills and knowledge to aid him or her in succeeding in the trial. It is fundamental for a law enforcement officer to prepare as a professional witness before trial. The officer should live relevant and significant evidence and document it in field notes. The notes should be compiled, and a complete and precise report should be written. Prior to the testimony, the officer should review the case file, mentally organizing the facts of the offense and evidence encour aging it. The officer should also organize clearly and convincingly the testimony to be presented to the jury. Once the officer is notified of the trial date, the officer should review all reports and records. He should also compare notes with other officers, revisit the scene if required, question with the prosecutor the details of the testimony and the case, and make sure copies of all required documents by law in his or her jurisdiction have been given to the prosecutor (Kleinig and Zhang, 1993, p. 59). A law enforcement officer should dress professionally and neatly. Uniformed officers are preferred to wear their uniform. One should wear pants and a jacket if he or she is on civilian clothes. Flashlights, sunglasses and other cumbersome equipment should not be taken into the courtroom, unless they are needed for demonstration (Kleinig and Zhan

CEO Compensation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

chief operating officer Compensation - Essay Exampley, the works that be pass judgment for the CEO to perform, and the economic status of the beau monde, if it is gaining much for a certain period that will discard whether the CEO deserved the amount of pay.As noted by Solomon (2007), survey says that the CEOs in the US ar really overpaid because there is an absence of objective ways to measure an executive performance. Secondly, much is expected from an American company so these companies live up with the expectations. Tough competitions set in, and to stay on exceed, companies must hire the best CEO to run their company. And the best way to have the best CEO to come and stay in the company is to lure them with excessive salaries and benefits even before they will parent results as what most CEOs in the US enjoy now.Japanese CEOs generally received much turn down levels of compensation comparisond to their counterparts in the US. As reported by Wiseman and Del Jones (2009) in the USA Today, CEOs of big companies only make an average of $809, 000 in 2003, with a difference of $11.4 million compared with the CEOs of the US. This fact alone, however, is not sufficient to imply that U.S. CEOs are overpaid. It is because big companies in Japan are generally smaller compared to big companies in the US. Relatively, it is unfair to compare the compensation received by CEOs of small companies to big companies. On the other hand, the practices of US companies in supporting CEOs to join them are not being practiced in Japan. As Wiseman and Del Jones (2009) noted Japanese firms seldom poach talent from rival firms, outbidding each other for management superstars. Usually, CEOs of companies in Japan were previously rank-and-file employees of the company they are working with who worked hard for the company for several years until they reached the top position.Chief executive officers of US companies are very much benefited when there is an increase if the compan ys value within a certain period.

Township of Twisted Water Boundary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Township of Twisted Water Boundary - appointment ExampleThe process used and the allocation square ups chosen were published in managing the groundwater resources of the Township of Twisted groundwater centering strategy. To decide on the allocation limits, results from an earlier groundwater ideal (GRFAMOD, Dodson 2001) and the information gathered from the environmental water requirements assessments (SMEC 2001), was used. The GASFAMS groundwater model estimated the recharge, through flow, discharge and storage characteristics of the flow system. The groundwater model simulated a number of recharge scenarios to arrest how much water could be sustainably abstracted from the system.The segment follows a standard planning process when evolution an allocation plan. A component of this process is gradeting allocation limits and the management regime. For the Township of Twisted area, we set allocation limits in accordance with this process. The yield estimate tells us how much wa ter can be taken from a resource for use and what volume or flow is needed to maintain the bionomic and social values, within and downstream of the resource. We also consider management considerations in our decision, such as dependability of supply, current use, future demand and the effects of water abstraction and use on water quality. The department applied this process to the Township of the Twisted alluvial aquifer to determine the allocation limits.An allocation limit is the annual volume of water set aside for consumptive use from a water resource. This includes the water available for licensing and the water set aside for uses exempt from licensing, such as stock and domestic. For administrative purposes, the allocation limit is divided into three groups of componentsInvolving the community is an important part of the planning process. Extensive consultation should be through with(p) to ensure setting the right management approach for the area.

Johanine community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Johanine corporation - Essay ExampleMoreover, the Gospel also revealed that Jesus is the replica of God. In this respect, the Johannine company comprised Christians worshipping Jesus as the Messiah and following the preachments made by John through the Gospel and the Epistles ( dark-brown 13-24).The Gospel of John lacked knowledge nigh Ecclesiology, which created an issue amid Christians representing Johannine community, as Johannine deity failed in describing the concept of God. Another crucial issue set about by the Johannine community was to determine whether the opposing statements identified in the Gospel of John were made to the rules of order as a whole or to any particular religion. Respectively, the scholars and the people faced the issue of construe the information about Johannine Ecclesiology. In this context, the study of the book The Community of Beloved Disciples written by Robert E. Brown conducted a study about the emergence and the reconstruction of Johannine community, so that the a proper understanding is acquired about the New Testament and the messages depicted in it are delivered successfully to the Christians (Brown 13-24).The Johannine community is developed with different theology presented by Saint John as compared to other disciplines. In this regard, the Christians were seemed to face difficulties in following the Johannine Ecclesiology. In order to possess an in-depth understanding about the emergence as well as the modernization of Christian community, the four phases of Johannine community revealed by Robert E. Brown fork out been elaborately studied in the following.The different spheres of the Johannine community were assessed from the Gospel and the Epistles of John in order to acquire better understanding about the life and the events of Jesus. An abridgment of the four phases of the community had aided in reconstructing the beliefs as well as the theology of the Christians. The four phases have been analyzed

Best Lesson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Best Lesson - turn out ExampleAn excellent model suchs as the arum lily model enables learners to approach instructional paradigms from a profound and a critical standpoint.The strategy of article of faith English as a Second words for university students ordinarily begin with a theoretical background that explains and justifies the premises of the instructional approaches to be presented. This practice helps the mastery of the cardinal theories and helps acquire practical strategies for effective classroom teaching. The best lesson in the online module provide its learners with a scrupulous set of instructional tools for teaching English to learners of English as a Second Language.I rated the CALLA Model of Ana Chamost and Michael OMalley with a perfect grade of 10 out of 10 as the best lesson among the deuce-ace lessons which were presented. The major reasons for this high rating are the CALLA Model considers the development of effective instructional skills for the teacher s and it relies on a clear realization of the fundamental precepts that guide the teachers prevailing beliefs and practices. In this model, the teachers take into account a variety of approaches, several underlying assumptions, and the specific practices that their teaching philosophy inspires. (Yates & Muchisky, 2003). The best lesson is that of the CALLA Model of Ana Chamot and Michael OMalley which combine grade level content, language and strategy instruction. The two researchers found that the group of ESLs identified by their teachers were very successful as they utilized a variety of strategies and were conscious as to the wherefore to use, when to use, how to use and why the specific strategies were being used.This research led to the CALLA model or Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (Chamot and OMalley, 1994) that integrates grade-level content, language, and strategy instruction. The three strategies included in the CALLA approach are metacognitive strategies , cognitive strategies, and social affective strategies. In this model, the students use the new information and skills they learn. The teaching and learning approaches encompass collaboration, inquiry, problem-solving and hands-on experience. These strategies are used by teachers when they predict, organize, evaluate, infer, question and summarize. The teachers of English learners need to be explicit in teaching these strategies. Students should be taught the declarative familiarity of the strategy. Then students should be given the strict procedural knowledge on how to use the strategy. Once the declarative and procedural knowledge are clear, students are then taught the conditional knowledge or when and why it would be appropriate to use the strategy. (Paris, Cross and Lipson, 1994).I gave the second lesson which is on fundamental interaction a grade of 8 out of a grade of perfect 10. I fully agree that interaction between students and teachers is necessary for English learners to help them develop their reading and speaking skill s for the language. However, I do understand that some English learners in developing countries may not have had the

Business Law #4 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Law 4 - Case Study fontThe mirror image rule states that if you are to accept an cater, you must accept the assign exactly, without modification. If you change the offer anyway, this is a counter offer that kills the offer (Uniform Commercial Code, Section 2-207).An offer and acceptance is one of the elements utilize to determine whether a contract exist between two parties. Offer is defined as whitethorn be defined as an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms, made with the intention that I shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is addressed. acceptance, on the separate hand, is a final and unqualified expression of assent to the terms of the offer (Offer and Acceptance - Acceptance).As the general contract law principles which are applicable in almost all jurisdictions, the offer by the person making the offer (offeror) must be accepted without qualification or move on negotiation by the other party to whom the offer w as made (offeree). Once an offer was made, the offerre can act in four ways accept, reject, make a counter offer, or do nothing.

Importance Of The Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Importance Of The Education - Essay ExampleConsequently, they adapt easily to their environment, thusly promoting their success. Further, the liberal education grants the learners the ability to get involved in more than a single field. This follows the various skills consumed that help the students to change their careers whenever viable opportunities arise. Liberal studies also give individuals opportunities to pursue their passions in life. Involvement in ones passion increases the motivation of the individual. Therefore, an individual strives to give the best, which contributes to success in life. Given the act advancements in technology, students get equipped with skills that apply widely, instead of specific skills that may get outdated with time. As a result, the individuals remain relevant to the society as they draw on the universal skills to cope with the changing times in the society. In Behind the Boom in Chinese Students at U.S. Colleges, Naomi Rovnick argues that Ch inese students who acquire an American education have a better chance of being employed by occidental companies in China because they acquire a broader cultural perspective, which makes it easier for them to get integrated into such companies. The accompaniment that multinationals tend to prefer hiring sea turtles because they come with better inter-cultural skills explains this (Rovnick 1). Then they go to study, the students get to learn how to strike with people from different cultures, thus enlarging the perspectives they hold in life.

Corrections and Additional Issues in Criminal Justice Essay

Corrections and Additional Issues in Criminal judge - Essay ExampleThe origins of corrections of the United States sad justice system date back during the previous(predicate) colonization era this practice was ascribed from European colonizing countries (May et al, 2007).Corrections generally refer to the supervision of persons arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2012). Corrections carry varied functions and are performed by different government agencies, which are snarled in imposing social control and lessening crimes through punishment and management of those who are sentenced (Stohr et al., 2008). Further, corrections are delimited to three main functions (1) imprisonment (2) parole (3) probation (Garner, 2009).By and large, any offender is not automatically sent to corrections the first exposure most people have to the criminal justice system is the police (May et al., 2007) later on committing any form of legal vi olation. Before an offender or venture offender is forwarded to the corrections, the offender will have to undergo a trial on which he or she is given the chance to defend himself or herself against accusations or alleged suspicions and to clear his or her name.After be found guilty, the offender is now handed in to the corrections, wherein the offender will have to submit to a punishment. In history, punishments were stern and ruthless. Due to deficient resources to construct buildings in which convicted individuals would be incarcerated, early civilizations resorted to some expectant punishments defendants who were found guilty were subjected to corporal punishment (physical punishments such as whippings) or executed soon after the sentence was imposed (May et al., 2007). However, less inhumane punishments such as shame was also employed as a form of condemnation. With the progression of time, system of executions has likewise progressed into

Is Death Penalty Justifiable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is Death Penalty Justifiable - Essay ExampleThis matter entails unresolved issues on its justification as a rightful punishment for convicted criminals. Death penalty supports stress mainly that this dust will deter crime and moreover give justness or retri scarcelyion to the crime victims and their families. On the other hand, death penalty abolitionists believe that death penalty does not deter crime but rather gain it. Moreover, it violates the human rights of the convicted criminals, some are may be wrongfully convicted and there is an likely issue of unequal treatment or discrimination of would-be convicted criminals because of being poor or a member of a minority group.One of the main purposes of having death penalty in the judicial systems was to advocate fear of committing a crime and stopping criminals in doing so now that they are immobilized or project out of action. But does death penalty on convicted criminals honestly discourage other from doing crime I personally dont believe so. An acted violence punished by another form of violence go outs to a regular recurrence of violence. Fear from punishment of a crime wont stop criminals from committing crimes. These proceedings will not only promote its existence as a system but also its normality. Normality leads to acceptance and is a slating to apathy as hypothetical to fear.Advocates s Advocates say that death penalty brings justice or avenging to the victims and their families. I sadly do not agree with this. I do not believe in the basic essence of the rallying cry justice in this case. Should there be such a word Death penalty ends the life of someone who took or damaged the victims life. But does that bring back the supposed life of the victim and their families No, it does not. This does not mean justice, its retribution and more like vengeance. An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, isnt it about time to stop this kind of thinking It is barbaric and inhuman. Given that some of t hese convicted criminals were the source of such horrendous crimes, ending there lives I believe will not bring justice to the bereaved. A life imprisonment without parole is a more likely option with the possibility of reformation on the life of the convicted criminal.Issues on unfair application of death penalty appeals on an accused that be enormouss to a minority race also are abundant and apparent especially on the United States of America. Procedures on death penalty appeals in the case of the accused or the victim is influenced by his/her race or financial capabilities that is, inadequate defence of the accused or inadequate support for the conviction of an accused in support to the victim.This also strengthens the notions of death penalty abolitionists that possible death penalty candidates may be convicted wrongly. In a more practical note, anti death penalty groups say that a session of expectant execution or death penalty is expensive and costs more than to imprison th e convicted criminals for as long as they live. On this note, death penalty advocates answer that death penalty costs can be minimized by limiting the appeals for death penalty. If you come to think of it, this notion will only result to more injustices.Lets just say, what I have just said was a bit indifferent to the pain of the victims and their families who are left to endure more pain. I do not disregard the fact that all(prenominal) victim has a story

Marx's historical theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marxs historic theory - Essay ExampleThis paper illustrates that in the groundbreaking book, The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels begin with the assertion that fork struggles be integral in defining the existing society. This forms the basis of understanding Marxs concept of history. harmonise to Marx, the outline of history has two dimensions of linear chain events a consistent progress in path division, created and overthrown in subsequent order, until it reaches a utopian endpoint, or socialism. In the book, Marx argues that the history of humans occurs in a teleological order, unfolding to a distinct series of stages, each subsequent to the other. Ultimately, these stages lead to a sealed utopian endpoint, which marks the end of the changes and an end to history. In his perception, Marx believed that these scientific laws could allow the prediction of these stages, as the scientific laws governs the progress of history. Class struggle, in Marxs perception, determines human history. Therefore, the primary reason for historical changes is class animosity. Accordingly, societies are based on antagonism of the oppressed and oppressing classes. Thus, history is definable at any one cartridge holder by the relationship between the different classes. In other words, the theory seeks to establish the premise of the button-down methods in relation to humans production to satisfy material needs. The satisfaction of human needs cede rise to new needs of friendly and materialistic nature, forming a society that corresponds to the forces of human production development. (Shimp, 20097). In this regard therefore, material life determines or conditions social life, thus social explanations emanate from materialism to social forms, and ultimately to forms of consciousness. As production means develops, economic organises or production modes rise and fall. According to Marx, communism may possibly become real as the workers become aware of altern atives, motivating them to initiate reforms. In his reinterpretation of the theory of history by Marx, Gerald Cohen created the development dissertation, which states that production forces develop, becoming stronger over time. However, the thesis clarifies that the development is non absolute, but rather a tendency. Together with productively applicable technology and knowledge, these forces are production means(Cohen, 2000176). The primacy thesis is Cohens next thesis. The latter has two important aspects first, the productive forces level of development may explain the nature of the structure of the economy, and second, the nature of the structure of the economy explains the nature of the superstructure. From these observations, it is evident that Marx believes that the economic structure of a society may explain the nature of societal ideology, such as moral, artistic, philosophical, and religious beliefs within the control of the society. It is indeed possible for various ac tivities to combine aspects of ideology and superstructure simultaneously. A prime example is religion, which combines both a set of beliefs and institutions. Scholars argue that revolutionary changes occur naturally from the failure of further development of productive forces. At the revolution point, the development of productive forces is fettered. Drawing from the theory, once development fetters in an economic structure, another structure will eventually replace it. It is reasonable that human productivity develops over time, and also that structures of economy scarce exist insofar as they develop the forces of production, but are ultimately replaced when they fail their duty of development(Stanford). Nonetheless, Marxs theory of history has come under criticism, primarily for its incoherence, as well as lack of jutting and empirical express. Criticism There are various forms of criticism against Marxs theory of history, including claims of incoherence, lack of evidence and projection. These three categories result from the fact that the

The Lonsdale Operator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Lonsdale Operator - Essay ExampleThe camera is of course intently focused on the perform that is taking place within the given shot however, there is also inclusion of the men on the bench conversing, as well as off to the far right-hand side of the screen, the inclusion of an various(prenominal) on a bicycle resting by the side of the road. Although this is non important to the plot or steady to the particular scene that is being detailed herein, the fact of the matter is that it helps to provide a given judiciousness and complexity of camera work that was hard if at all utilized prior to the shorts introduction into the annual right-and history.acquainted with the full gravity of a given situation however for this time, providing the pointless level of focus on a given point or topic was something that was new and had not been experimented with before. Related to this is the use of close-ups that the filmmaker uses. Of course the most famous of these instances is that of the close up that is utilized to come across to the viewer that the weapon that the young girl has threatened to use is in fact not a weapon at all but a humble wrench. This was for its time a pioneering technique of motion-picture photography as almost each and every shot had formerly neglected the utilization of the close-up. Lastly and perchance most conspicuously, is the way in which the filmmakers utilize acid colored gels as a means to vividly color certain shots and sequences in blue or red. To the first time viewer or the primitive eye, such a technique may be easily disregarded as troublesome and/or irritating. However, the fact of the matter is that this yet another manifestation of the means by which the filmmakers were pioneering and ahead of their own time. For instance, repayable to the constraints that the current technology had, it was not possible for nuances in voice inflection or speech, in general, to be translated to the viewer as a means of foreboding what a given scene portended (Galenson et al 130). Although the euphony could and was utilized as a way to perform this action, the fact of the matter was that the use of tinted filters in comportment of the camera lens helped greatly to instill certain emotions, even if not realized, within the viewer with regards to the toughness of a given scene. For the reasons that have herein been specified, the film acts to provide several new techniques whereby following cinematography built upon.

Impacts of MIS on Aramex Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Impacts of MIS on Aramex - assigning ExampleAs the paper discusseswhile MIS reduces the occurrence of human error, it does not eliminate error. Managers will bind to train and educate the employees on the various impingements MIS has on the entire organizations operations, especially if they atomic number 18 to achieve competitive advantage. For Aramex, the way MIS is implemented will determine whether IT will drive business or whether MIS will make a function to be absorbed by business lines as managers become more versed with the systems. Because MIS will determine the future strategic direction for Aramex it is important to determine the impact of MIS on Aramexs decision-making, organizational structure, data security, as well as the impact that future trends ar likely to have on Aramexs strategy.This study outlines thatAramex has an abundance of data at their disposal that they preempt draw on when making decisions. Aramex buns use many tools in the analysis of data to p urify on their decision-making.Aramex argon able to bring a vast collection of analytical tools to focus efforts and selection data tax in adding value to the organization. Aramex uses MIS in decision making as MIS provides a solve through which Aramex can transform data, which is dispersed or disorganized into high quality information with added value that allows Aramex to make decisions that ar more effective.MIS likewise has the ability to increase the employees insights on the information.... h which Aramex can transform data, which is dispersed or disorganized into high quality information with added value that allows Aramex to make decisions that are more effective (Edwards et al, 2000, p. 37). MIS as well as provides for a process that coherently combines skills to analyze and interpret information from numerous organizational sources, as well as the ability to aid non-specialists in deciphering complex technical information. Finally, MIS also has the ability to increase the employees insights on the information (Edwards et al, 2000 p38). MIS aids in the process of value extraction from data, such as the development of a hypothesis, data gathering, data analysis, data interpretation, communication of insights, and making decisions that are informed to take action (Fazlollahi & Vahidov, 2001, p. 236). MIS has the ability to move an organization to effective handling of information from obviously working with data, turning it into fellowship with added value for competitive advantage. At Aramex, their MIS framework compares to the Plan Do concord Act cycle (personal communication, alarming 1, 2013), which is an almost modern quality control. This was designed by Dr. Edwards Deming, which he also referred to as the Shewhart cycle. In six sigma programs, Dr. Deming further refined this cycle in to define, measure, analyze, control, and improve cycle (Fazlollahi & Vahidov, 2001, p. 236). apply information to enhance decision-making has to do with data conversion into information, while the information is further converted into knowledge that can help the organization in making decisions (Wiederhold, 2000 p89). According to Mr. Kamal, Aramex uses the PPVC system for data conversion (personal communication, August 1, 2013). PPVC as a prescriptive normative model

Criminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

Criminal justice - Essay ExampleWhen a person studies law and is level given the license to practice it, one is made aware of the unforgiving unethical mistakes one bottomland commit against the court among which is perjury and falsifying the documents of the court. This offense not only shows disrespect to the court provided to the court-ordered system and the American inhabitants at large all of which depend on the court and its legal officers to follow the law.Taking over the houses of other people is theft and a lack of justice and integrity. sort of of helping the owners or their relatives get their property back or even know of its existence as a lawyer, Sheldon went ahead to take over the property as his own intending to make millions off them through fraudulent means. The houses were abandoned but according to the law which he is well aware off, these are vatic to do to the state if no next of kin or living relative is acknowledged.The act act by the lawyer amounts to lack of proper moral judgment a virtue that is a fate in his career as an attorney of the court. Because of his unethical behavior and lack of guidance to the rest of his turn of events associates as a lawyer, he might be earning himself 15 years in jail for the counts brought up in court by the prosecutor. Obtaining money or property through fraudulent means forever leads to negative consequences sooner or later.Attorneys and other court officers should be subjected to constant review of their property including rely accounts even offshore ones. This procedure should be carried out indiscreetly and randomly. This is in a bid to unveil those engaging in unethical actions that are also against the law. If this had been done, then Sheldons unethical scheme would squander been unveiled as soon as it started saving him embarrassment, jail time and even his family and job.The other dash to curb such unethical behavior is to carry out tough actions against those court officials

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Business law - Essay standardWhile the determination of the causes of the collapse of corporate organizations is fundamental, courts discourage the filing of such(prenominal) cases by either the shareholders or creditors.The decision by courts to adopt the cautionary approach to such cases arises from a policy that seeks to protect the interest group of the entire industry. Such subsequent claims undermine the future of the entire industry owing to the large volumes of obscure liabilities. After the collapse of a high society, it becomes difficult to quantify the actual investment of every financer. Most of such organizations lose their assets a feature that makes it difficult for investigations to determine the actual liability the organization owes every investor. This has a negative influence on both the industry and the economy since auditors will subsequently withhold their services2. As explained earlier, quantifying unknown liabilities discourages the participation of audi tors of will not trace such liabilities. The policy therefore seeks to protect the interests of either the stakeholders in the industry3.Various companies have collapsed through scandalous ways in Australia among other markets throughout the world. In the legal tussles that ensued after the collapse of such companies, the courts maintained integral view often seeking to cushion the various publics from incurring major financial loses4. Auditors have integral responsibilities in the evaluating and quantifying the amount of financial loses tout ensemble the parties incur. However, the decisions of the courts vary depending on the unique features presented by every case. Ansett Australia, once a major airline company in Australia collapsed in 2002 following a series of unwarranted market forces. The company began incurring losings in 1999 following unscrupulous operations thereby prompting the courts to

Interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Interview - naming ExampleThere are two types of rapper crab louse. One is ductal carcinoma and the other is lobular carcinoma. Ductal carcinoma is a passelcer that occurs in the lining of the milk duct and is the most common type of breast cancer (National crabby person Institute, nd). This is the type of cancer that afflicted the respondent patient. Lobular carcinoma on the other hand is a breast cancer that begins in the milk glands or lobules of the breast. Breast cancer can be invasive and can spread to other areas surrounding the tissue from where it began. Breast cancer also afflict both manpower and women albeit it is more prevalent among women.The symptoms of breast cancer includes presence of a lump or thickening in the breast, swelling, dimpling, redness, soreness of skin, change in shape or appearance of the nipple and nipple chuck out (American malignant neoplastic disease Society, 2010). In our respondent, the initial symptoms were a small lump in the left(a) br east. A small discharge of blood from her nipples which could be observed from the marks in her bra.According to related literatures, genetics is a truly small factor in the occurrence of breast cancer. It only composed of around 5 to 10% of all recorded cases (Wattendorf, 2012). What is more prevalent cause of breast cancer is essayy lifestyle, lack of children to breastfeed, high school levels of hormones and unhealthy eating habits including obesity. Of these causes, smoking tobacco has the highest risk. Long term tobacco smoking increases the risk of contract breast cancer by as much as 35 to 50% (Miller et al., 2011). Lifestyle, could be the risk factor in the case of the respondent since she is a long-term smoker where tobacco smoking is get of her cultural background.Respondent At first I just ignored the lumps in my breast because I did not feel any pain. Then one day, I felt pain in my left breast. It was not very painful it is tolerable. So I waited for the pain to ju st go away and hoped everything willing be

Creative Song Assignment Essay Example for Free

Creative Song Assignment EssayThe Creative Song Assignment was an interesting assignment, because I have zero experience in mixing music. It was an interesting experience, because it did take me out of my comfort zone. When I first started, I felt lost. I had no idea what I was doing, so I discrete to do a little research to see how I can best complete this assignment. I finally settled on using a program called Audacity and the genres of hip record hop and alternating(a) rock n roll. I chose a program called audacity, because it gives you an option of mixing different songs. I am sure that there argon a lot of other programs bettor suited for this assignment, nevertheless I found this to be pretty easy to use. I really enjoyed playing around with the different settings. It took me a couple of geezerhood before I finally fillinged two songs to work on. I am sure that there are many more experienced people out there that can mix my songs better than me, provided I think I did a good job considering my experience level.I decide to pick hip hop and alternative rock, because they are two of my positron emission tomography genres. I know that hip hop and alternative rock have been mixed before, so I felt an intrigue in exhausting to accomplish this myself. I knew that I wanted to use Radioheads Karma Police as my alternative, because that is one of my favorite songs. I had a difficult time picking a rap song, because the lyrics did not match up well together. I finally decided to just use a hip hop cross that I found on soundcloud. In my opinion, I felt that this was best, because you can hear the lyrics of the alternative song, but still hear the hip hop beat. The part that took me a while was trying to get the songs in sync perfectly. I really wanted to find a way to lower the alternative rock songs instrumentals, but I could not do it. I think it would have sounded better if I could mix the hip hop beat with the Karma Police vocals. I am sure it co uld probably be done with professional mixing equipment.

Computerized Library System Essay Example for Free

Computerized Library System Essaychromosomal aberrations atomic number 18 disruptions in the conventionalism chromosomal content of a mobile ph unrivalled and ar a major(ip) pee of heritable formers in humans, such as plenty syndrome, although most aberrations support little to no effect. Some chromosome defectiveities do non cause disease in carriers, such as translocations, or chromosomal inversions, although they whitethorn lead to a gameer(prenominal) chance of bearing a child with a chromosome disorder. freakish numbers of chromosomes or chromosome sets, called aneuploidy, may be lethal or may give rise to genic disorders. Genetic counseling is offered for families that may carry a chromosome rearrangement. The gain or loss of DNA from chromosomes raft lead to a variety of genetic disorders. Human examples include * Cri du chat, which is caused by the deletion of part of the oblivious arm of chromosome 5. Cri du chat means telephone of the cat in French t he condition was so- recognised because affected babies produce high-pitched cries that sound like those of a cat. Affected individuals have wide-set center fields, a small head and jaw, hash step forward to sober mental health issues, and are very short.* batch syndrome, the most common trisomy, prevalently caused by an special copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). Characteristics include decreased muscle tone, stockier build, asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes and wacky to moderate developmental dis magnate.51 * Edwards syndrome, or trisomy-18, the second-most-common trisomy.citation neededSymptoms include motor retardation, developmental disability and numerous congenital anomalies causation serious health problems. Ninety percent of those affected die in infancy. They have characteristic clutch hands and all overlapping fingers. * Isodicentric 15, to a fault called idic(15), partial tetrasomy 15q, or inverted duplication 15 (inv dup 15). * Jacobsen syndrome, which is v ery idealistic. It is also called the terminal 11q deletion disorder.52Those affected have normal intelligence or mild developmental disability, with light expressive language skills. Most have a exhaust disorder called Paris-Trousseau syndrome. * Klinefelters syndrome (XXY). Men with Klinefelter syndrome are usually sterile, and tend to be taller and have longer arms and legs than their peers. Boys with the syndrome are often shy and quiet, and have a higher incidence of speech delay and dyslexia. Without testosterone treatment, some may develop gynecomastia during puberty. * Patau Syndrome, also called D-Syndrome or trisomy-13. Symptoms are somewhat standardized to those of trisomy-18, without the characteristic folded hand.* Small trim marker chromosome. This means in that location is an unneeded, abnormal chromosome. Features regard on the origin of the spear carrier genetic material. Cat-eye syndrome and isodicentric chromosome 15 syndrome (or Idic15) are both caused by a supernumerary marker chromosome, as is Pallister-Killian syndrome. * Triple-X syndrome (XXX). XXX girls tend to be tall and thin and have a higher incidence of dyslexia. * Turner syndrome (X instead of XX or XY). In Turner syndrome, female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped. Females with Turner syndrome often have a short stature, low hairline, abnormal eye features and bone development and a caved-in appearance to the chest. * XYY syndrome. XYY boys are usually taller than their siblings.Like XXY boys and XXX girls, they are more than likely to have learning difficulties. * Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, which is caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. It is characterized by severe growth retardation and severe to profound mental health issues. Cri du chat syndrome, also known as chromosome 5p deletion syndrome, 5p minus syndrome or Lejeunes syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder callable to a missing part ofchromosome 5. Its name is a French t erm (cat-cry or call of the cat) referring to the characteristic cat-like cry of affected children. It was basic described by Jrme Lejeune in 1963.1 The condition affects an estimated 1 in 50,000 live births, strikes all ethnicities, and is more common in females by a 43 ratio.Signs and symptomsThe syndrome gets its name from the characteristic cry of affected infants, which is similar to that of a meowing kitten, due to problems with the larynx and nervous system. About 1/3 of children lose the cry by age 2. Other symptoms of cri du chat syndrome may include* provide problems because of difficulty swallowing and sucking.* low birth weight and poor growth.* severe cognitive, speech, and motor delays.* behavioral problems such as hyperactivity, aggression, tantrums, and repetitive movements.* unusual facial features which may change over time.* excessive drooling.* constipation.-GeneticsCri du chat syndrome is due to a partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome number 5, also called 5p monosomy. Approximately 90% of cases results from a sporadic, or randomly-occurring, de novo deletion. The remaining 10-15% are due to unequal segregation of a parental balanced translocation where the 5p monosomy is often accompanied by a trisomic portion of the genome. These individuals may have more severe disease than those with set-apart monosomy of 5p. Most cases involve total loss of the most distant 20-10% of the material on the short arm. fewer than 10% of cases have other rare cytogenetic aberrations (e.g., interstitial deletions, mosaicisms, rings and de novo translocations).The deleted chromosome 5 is parental in origin in about 80% of de novo cases. Loss of a small region in draw 5p15.2 (cri du chat little region) correlates with all the clinical features of the syndrome with the exception of the catlike cry, which maps to band 5p15.3 (catlike critical region). The results suggest that 2 noncontiguous critical regions contain genes involved in this conditi ons etiology. Two genes in these regions, Semaphorine F (SEMA5A) and delta catenin(CTNND2), are potentially involved in cerebral development. The deletion of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene localized in 5p15.33 may contribute to the phenotypic changes in cri du chat syndrome as well.people with cri du chat syndromeDown syndrome (DS) or Downs syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is achromosomal condition caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy ofchromosome 21.1 Down syndrome is the most common chromosome abnormality in humans.2 It is typicly associated with a delay in cognitive ability (mental retardation, or MR) and physical growth, and a particular set of facial characteristics.1 The average IQ of young adults with Down syndrome is around 50, compared to children without the condition with an IQ of 100.13 (MR has historically been defined as an IQ below 70.) A braggart(a) proportion of individuals with Down syndrome have a severe degree of intellec tual disability.GeneticsKaryotype for trisomy Down syndrome. visor the three copies of chromosome 21 Down syndrome disorders are based on having too more copies of the genes located on chromosome 21. In general, this leads to an overexpression of the genes.54 Understanding the genes involved may help to target medical treatment to individuals with Down syndrome. It is estimated that chromosome 21 contains 200 to 250 genes.55 Recent research has identified a region of the chromosome that contains the main genes responsible for the pathogenesis of Down syndrome.56 The extra chromosomal material can come about in several distinct ways. A typical human karyotype is designated as 46,XX or 46,XY, indicating 46 chromosomes with an XX arrangement typical of females and 46 chromosomes with an XY arrangement typical of males.57 In 12% of the observed Down syndromes.58 some of the cells in the body are normal and other cells have trisomy 21, this is called mosaic Down syndrome (46,XX/47,XX, +21).5960 Trisomy 21Trisomy 21 (47,XX,+21) is caused by a meiotic nondisjunction event. With nondisjunction, agamete (i.e., a sperm or egg cell) is produced with an extra copy of chromosome 21 the gamete thus has 24 chromosomes. When combined with a normal gamete from the other parent, the embryo now has 47 chromosomes, with three copies of chromosome 21. Trisomy 21 is the cause of approximately 95% of observed Down syndromes, with 88% coming from nondisjunction in the agnatic gamete and 8% coming from nondisjunction in the paternal gamete.58 The actual Down syndrome critical region encompasses chromosome bands 21q22.1-q22.3.61Edwards syndrome (also known as Trisomy 18 (T18) or Trisomy E) is a genetic disordercaused by the presence of all or part of an extra 18th chromosome. It is named after John H. Edwards, who first described the syndrome in 1960.1 It is the second most commonautosomal trisomy, after Down syndrome, that carries to term. Edwards syndrome occurs in around one in 6 ,000 live births and around 80 percent of those affected are female.2 The majority of fetuses with the syndrome die before birth.2The incidence increases as the mothers age increases. The syndrome has a very low rate of survival, resulting from heart abnormalities, kidney malformations, and other internal reed organ disorders.Signs and symptomsChildren born with Edwards syndrome may have some or all of the following characteristics kidney malformations, structural heart defects at birth (i.e., ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus), intestines protruding outside the body (omphalocele), esophageal atresia, mental retardation, developmental delays, growth deficiency, feeding difficulties, breathing difficulties, and arthrogryposis (a muscle disorder that causes multiple joint contractures at birth).34 Some physical malformations associated with Edwards syndrome include small head (microcephaly) accompanied by a prominent spine portion of the head (occiput) low-set, malformed ears abnormally small jaw (micrognathia) cleft lip/cleft roof of the mouth upturned nose narrow eyelid folds (palpebral fissures) widely spaced eyes (ocular hypertelorism) drooping of the upper eyelids (ptosis) a short breast bone clenched hands choroid rete cysts underdeveloped thumbs and or nails,absent radius, weave of the second and third toes clubfoot or Rocker bottom feet and in males, undescended testicles. of choroid plexus cysts, which are pockets of fluid on the brain. These are not problematic in themselves, but their presence may be a marker for trisomyGeneticsEdwards syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality characterized by the presence of an extra copy of genetic material on the 18th chromosome, either in whole (trisomy 18) or in part (such as due to translocations). The additional chromosome usually occurs beforeconception. The effects of the extra copy vary greatly, depending on the extent of the extra copy, genetic history, and chance. Ed wards syndrome occurs in all human populations but is more prevalent in female offspring.7 A healthy egg and/or sperm cell contains individual chromosomes, each of which contributes to the 23 pairs of chromosomes needed to form a normal cell with a typical human karyotype of 46 chromosomes. numerical errors can arise at either of the two meiotic divisions and cause the failure of a chromosome to discriminate into the daughter cells (nondisjunction). This results in an extra chromosome, making the haploid number 24 sort of than 23. Fertilization of testis or insemination by sperm that contain an extra chromosome results in trisomy, or three copies of a chromosome rather than two.8 Trisomy 18 (47,XX,+18) is caused by a meiotic nondisjunction event. With nondisjunction, a gamete (i.e., a sperm or egg cell) is produced with an extra copy of chromosome 18 the gamete thus has 24 chromosomes. When combined with a normal gamete from the other parent, the embryo has 47 chromosomes, with t hree copies of chromosome 18.with edwards syndromeIsodicentric 15, also called idic(15), partial tetrasomy 15q, or inverted duplication 15 (inv dup 15), is a chromosome abnormalityin which a child is born with extra genetic material from chromosome 15. People with idic(15) are typically born with 47 chromosomes in their body cells, instead of the normal 46. The extra chromosome is made up of a piece of chromosome 15 that has been duplicated passim like a mirror image. It is the presence of this extra genetic material that is thought to account for the symptoms seen in some people with idic(15). Individuals with idic(15) have a total of four copies of this chromosome 15 region instead of the usual two copies (1 copy each on the maternal and paternal chromosomes).The extra chromosome is rarely found in mosaic state, i.e. some of the cells carry the marker chromosome. However, mostly because of the markers instability and tendency to be lost during cell division (mitosis), some cells are completely normal with 46 chromosomes. Occasionally, cells may have more than one idic(15), resulting in 48 or 49 chromosomes in all or some of their cells. A similar clinical picture albeit to a milder degree could be expected in individuals that have the extra chromosome 15 material as an interstitial duplication not as a marker chromosome thus having 46 chromosomes.12Signs and symptomsIndividuals with idic(15) have delays in language development and motor skills such as walking or school term up. Other traits may include low muscle tone (hypotonia), seizures, short stature, and mental retardation. Distinctive facial features associated with idic(15) may include epicanthal folds (skin folds at the inner corners of the eyes), a flattened nasal bridge, button nose, and a high arched palate (roof of the mouth). Some individuals with idic(15) also have features of autism, such as problems with communication, social interactions, and repetitive and uninspired behaviors (e.g., lin ing up toys, playing with a toy in the same manner over and over again, hand flapping, rocking back and forth). These are some mild features but with a severe person there may be more such as inability to talk at all.GeneticsGenerally, idic(15) is not acquire it is said to appear de novo in one member of the family, by chance. In most cases, the abnormal chromosome is generated in the mothers germ cells oocytes. This finding is due to ascertainment bias i.e. cases with maternally derived idic(15) usually have clinical findings and close in attention but those with paternally derived idic(15) usually do not. Thus, established cases are usually patients with maternally inherited idic (15).4 . The smallest markers appear to be harmless and they may go undetected. However, if they are large enough to contain a number of important genes, they may result in idic(15) syndrome which is characterized by mental retardation, autism and other neurological symptoms.5 sensation of the regions responsible for the symptoms of idic(15)syndrome is the critical PWS/AS-region named after the Prader-Willi and/or Angelman syndromes.Jacobsen Syndrome, also known as 11q deletion disorder, is a rare congenital disorder resulting from deletion of a terminal region of chromosome 11 that includes band 11q24.1. It can cause intellectual disabilities, a distinctive facial appearance, and a variety of physical problems including heart defects and a bleeding disorder. The syndrome was first identified by Danish physician Petra Jacobsen,1 and is believed to occur in approximately 1 out of every 100,000 births.Possible characteristics* Heart defects* Mild to severe intellectual disabilities* Low-platelets (thrombocytopenia)* Facial/skeletal (dysplasia)* Wide-set eyes caused by trigonocephaly* Folding of the skin near the eye (epicanthus)* Short, upturned nose (anteverted nostrils)* Thin lips that curve inward* Displaced fadeout chin (retrognathia)* Low-set, misshapen ears* Permanent upward curvature of the pinkie and ring fingers (camptodactyly)* Large great toes/ mould toesKlinefelters syndrome, 47, XXY, or XXY syndrome is a condition in which a human has an extra X chromosome. While females have an XX chromosomal makeup, and males an XY, affected individuals have at least two X chromosomes and at least one Y chromosome.1 Because of the extra chromosome, individuals with the condition are usually referred to as XXY Males, or 47, XXY Males.2 This chromosome constitution (karyotype) exists in roughly between 1500 to 11000 live male births34 but many of these people may not show symptoms. The physical traits of the syndrome become more apparent after the plan of attack of puberty, if at all.5 In humans, 47,XXY is the most common sex chromosome aneuploidy in males6 and the second most common condition caused by the presence of extra chromosomes. Other mammals also have the XXY syndrome, including mice.Patau syndrome, also known as trisomy 13 and trisomy D, is a chromos omalabnormality, a syndrome in which a patient has an additional chromosome 13 due to anondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis. Some are caused by Robertsonian translocations, while others are caused by mosaic Patau syndrome. The extra chromosome 13 disrupts the normal course of development, cause heart and kidney defects, amongst other features characteristic of Patau syndrome.vague Like allnondisjunction conditions (such as Down syndrome and Edwards syndrome), the risk of this syndrome in the offspring increases with maternal age at pregnancy, with about 31 years being the average.1 Patau syndrome affects somewhere between 1 in 10,000 and 1 in 21,700 live births.

Ho Chi Minh and Ngo Dinh Diem Essay Example for Free

Ho chi Minh and Ngo Dinh Diem EssayFollowing the Geneva conference in1954, an conformity was signed to end the First Indochina war. The agreements also lead to the temporary division of the Democratic of Vietnam into two sub- countries unconnected along the Laotian border next to the 17th parallel. To the north was the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and its capital in Hanoi and to the south tungsten was the Republic of Vietnam and its capital was in Saigon. The leader of the north was Ho ki Minh and the south was lead by Ngo Dihn Diem. The two leading possess different sk sickishs and ideologies, however with the common keister of uniting Vietnam, leading it to freedom. In this paper, an evaluation of the two leading basing on the context of the Vietnam society willing be made, about their leading styles that lead them to win the hearts and minds of their subjects and consequently book for their initiatives (Schandler, 2009). Ho Chi Minh is a political genius. He fool s the people of Vietnam to support his cause through propaganda, terror and betraying even his well-nigh friends to form the Communist movement in Vietnam.He even tricks the patriotic solders and makes them to rebel, thinking that they are doing it for the upbeat of Vietnam. A favour adequate example is the Hue Massacre in 1968. They seize the city of central Vietnam, sidesplitting thousands of innocent people, due to them inhabiting the southern Vietnam (Moss, 1990). Even though he commits all these, he is capable of creating good impression to the people of Vietnam and the whole world at large. He manages to mobilize the people in the west through his propagandas. As a result, the person protests the south and praised the north. They are not able to discover his ill motives, but mistook him as good leader with good morals vision (Catino, 2010). He is deceptive and canning. He always wore a smiley face that could easily deceive the masses to think that he has the interest of Vi etnam in his mind. He even insinuates that is major(ip) aim is to free the people of Vietnam fromthe colonial chains of The french. However, his only major aim is to liberate the nation and leads it to prosperity and development. In 1945, when he returns to Vietnam, he is chosen to lead Viet Minh.hither he convinces many of the leaders by claiming that it is the revolutionary group whose intention is to end the French invaders. He has massive support, and when they win the French at Dien Binh in 1954, Ho Chi Minh is accorded all the praises and seen as a hero (Catino, 2010). Ngo Dinh Diem portrays himself as an honest and courageous leader. He shows his prowess in blocking the French from dominating his homeland. Ngo is equipped with genuine liabilities and his political base is developed through his own family that has postgraduate esteem and reputation (Moss, 1990). Also, Ngo Dinh Diem having stayed in the US, has gained him individualisedity and experience from the influential politicians and reputable church leaders like senator Mike Mansfield and the cardinal of catholic church by the name Francis Spellman. This has made him the prime rector and also enjoys the massive support from the Vietnamese people (Moss, 1990). Ngo Dinh Diem is a determined and hardworking leader. He is very much focused in closely working with The United States military to in grammatical construction the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces. The chief reason for this is to create a strong defense at the northerly border, against the inversion North Vietnamese.Initiating the creation of Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) in 1963 and also providing the United States for the South Vietnamese is a good indication of his effort and hard work (Moss, 1990). Although he is challenged with the political instability, his determination win the hearts of many people in not only the Southern Vietnam and the entire Vietnam community. Personal leadership was a major factor in reuniting the country following the war. Ngo Dinh Diem and Ho Chi Minh were able to achieve growth and transformational processes as indicated by the conscious decisions they made in uniting the country (Schandler, 2009). done personal change the leaders played a major role in developing and ensuring an learn life that was more meaningful, full of self-awareness, purpose-driven as well as being socially responsible.Overall the leaders embraced vital lessons of personal leadership, which inspired the people to have deep reflection and indoctrination of positive aspects into everyday lives. The personal leadership had positive transformation of the Vietnamese society and hadpositive implications on the world around (Moss, 1990). It is actualize from the discussion above that various skills and ideologies of the two discussed leaders contributed greatly to the reunion of Vietnam. Though their policies differed, their creativity and persevering leadership styles won the hearts of Vietnamese p eople, and the entire Continent of Asia. The Vietnamese embraced their leadership and consequently support for their leadership initiatives. They maintained political stability and achieved their dream of uniting the people of Vietnam (Catino, 2010).ReferencesCatino, M. S. (2010). Peaceful ActivitiesNorth VietnamsInverson of the South. The Aggressors Ho Chi Minh, North Vietnam, and the Communist Bloc (p. 86 87). WashingtonD.C Dog Ear Publishing, . Moss, G. (1990). Americas Diem Experiment The organization of Seato, . Vietnam, an American ordeal (6th edition ed., p. 24). Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice Hall Schandler, H. Y. (2009). The enemy. America in Vietnam the war that couldnt be won (p. 14). Lanham, Md. Rowman Littlefield Publishers.

History about the war Essay Example for Free

History virtually the struggle EssayIt is very(prenominal) true that the linked States overthrew Guatemala, Chile and Iran. There are rough motivations lowlife the overthrows. One of the motivations toilet the overthrows is nationalism. This is because United Nations just like all new(prenominal) nations opposes nationalism. Other main motivations behind the United States overthrow to these countries include the urge to impose its ideology, gaining control of some of the valuable resources and the increase of its power.The United States too carries out coups, invasions and revolutions so that it empennage topple it feared or mistrusted. It also uses a variety of methods in persuading g some former(a) countries into assisting them with the coups revolutions and invasions. The methods used include the offering of booties to states that support its interests, duration-honored strategies of diplomacy and retaliation threats to those countries that stand firm to support them. In Chile United States launched its coup with the aim of propagating the spirit of good humanitarian ground.This is because Pinochet was extremely involved in human rights violations because his security forces were perceived to be accountable for more than 3,197 murders of the Chilean citizens. 1,100 of the slay citizens disappeared for they were abused to their death, thr have got by the military from the helicopters into Pacific Ocean or buried into reclusive graves. The other reason as to why united states carried out the coup was to ensure that it prevented its consolidation and also circumscribed the governments ability to implement some of the policies which were contrary to itself (U.S) and also hemispheric interests.U. S also committed some coups with the aim of fostering its accessibility to some of the economically rich regions. For instance in 1953 Dulles arranged a coup on Iran which was intended to make Middle East very safe for American oil companies. Unite d sates committed a coup in Guatemala because it dislike the communist policies which were set by Arbenz. He was perceived to be a communist because h e sought to give the landless some land or in other words he advocated for equal land dispersal by giving peasants the idle lands which belonged to the upper class.Dulles had ordered the coup in Guatemala because he had disliked the way the nationalist government had confronted the power of the United Fruit Company which was correspond by his elder law firm (Npr. org, 01). United States of America was involved in what was called hatfuls war against fascism. alone the American were in agreement with capitalists, democrats, republicans, communists, rich, poor and the middle class and this is why the war was referred to as the stacks war. This war was the trendiest in United States that the country had ever fought. This is because around 18 million tribe participated in the war.And over 25 million workers contri thated financially to the war. The power of the nation, church, press and also chief extreme organizations called for all-out war. The war was in opposition to an enemy of appalling evil. for instance Hitlers Germany was widening totalitarianism, , militarism and overt aggressive, and racial discrimination warfare outside what an already contemptuous world had gone through yet, the governments(the United States, England, the Soviet Union) accomplishing this represented something considerably different, so that their success would be a bluster to imperialism, totalitarianism, racism, militarism, in the world.America stepped up as the defender of vulnerable countries matching its image in American history text bears for high school. For instance it contend Haitian revolution for independence from France at the beginning of 19C. America just pursued its imperialist interests in the name of assisting the helpless countries for it instigated conflicts with Mexico taking half of the country. It also pre tended to rescue Cuba from Spain at the same time it stagnated on that point with military base, rights of interventions and investments.It also grabbed Hawaii Guam and Puerto Rico it also took the con troll of panama by revolutionizing against Columbia. The main reason as to why US entered the WW II was to defend the principle referred to as the non-intervention of other countrys or states affairs but many questions arose about its credibility. United States was one of the victors in WW II thus coming into a position to dominate many areas in the world and also creating conditions for efficient and effective control at home.The war brought about high prices for all farmers, enough prosperity, higher wages, higher prosperity unlike thirties which was accompanied by a lot of unemployment and economic distress. The war was pressing people at home because the budget was mainly to the advantage of military operations abroad without considering the needs of people at home. For example people were affected by the test of the nuclear weapons but the leaders argued that it was non harmful (libcom. org/history 1).The presence of the country in permanent war word form of economy proved to be very big pockets for poverty. The distribution of health also remained unequal with the highest family get 45 % of all the income and the lowest family getting 5% there was unequal distribution of wealth, tax advantages and income. galore(postnominal) American citizens were afraid of communism and this was oppressing those who believed in it. Many people were against the war. This is because they felt that the war was only pursuit to dominate other countries.They said that it was commercial, ruthless and imperialistic. Socialist parties opposed the war arguing that it was a offense against the people of United States many opponent claim that the war was a human violence because it was a murderous kind of business. Again the opponents argued that a lot of nations money is not fountainhead utilized when it is used in wars for there are many ways of cheap mediations which do not involve conflicts. Opponents felt that the war is inhuman to both countries because some of the devices used are harmful to exculpatory citizens (Zinn 355).Bernays ideas on social control can be used to think about Friedmans book secret histories because they both assume that propaganda can be a very effective rotating shaft for manipulating and shaping public opinion in the current society. Friedman has quoted how America used propaganda into fostering war against other countries. For example it lied that it was going to assist helpless countries only for the American to star dominating put in those countries. Edwardss propaganda disagrees with skeptics who argue about low levels of illiteracy. He says that printed word played a very crucial role during the early reformation.This is because it enabled Luther in broadcasting his attack towards the traditional authorities with g reater adroitness and also made it possible to co-ordinate some of the activities of scattered followers. The printed medium embodied the subversive messages it conveyed. numerous duplicates of cheap agitatory pamphlets reinforced the message of lay involvement much to the disadvantage and distress of catholic publicist. Edward uses the causa of early Lutheran teachings to stress the difference between the limited vernacular literatures to lay readers before 1512 and what is soon known to the historian familiar with lathers works.Luthers views were highly publicized by catholic rebuttals. In the hole-and-corner(a) sides of Vietnam War Friedman is trying to identify some of the truth. Friedman argues that during the Vietnam War the United States was only seeking to undermine capital of Vietnams subversion of the Saigon regime by sending Vietnamese operatives behind the enemys line. The secret to most of the Americans was that this covert operation was far from secret in Hanoi bec ause all the commandos were either killed or captured and thereafter turned into communists to report false information.Using Bernays propaganda we can say that the U. S propaganda did its patronage incorrectly. This is because the educated section of the population accepted the government Vietnam War propaganda without questions. The United States was the one attacking southerly Vietnam but it claimed that it was not the one because most of the American population was against those attacks. Book Review. The book voices of a peoples history of united states by Howard Zinn talks about gives the history of the fight for human dignity.He highlights some of the most significance political acts which were perceived to be the sound of the real human voice. This book assist me in understanding the modern American history for it highlights the idea that the minimization of resistance can only be achieved through the propagation of the idea that power remains with people who have guns, who posses wealth, own newspapers and also those who own television stations. The book assists me in understanding the reason as to why there are movements to fight the lack of voice brought about by lack of power.

Analyze 3 different newspaper articles Essay Example for Free

Analyze 3 various newspaper articles Es reciteIn this second of coursework I am going to analyze 3 different newspaper articles. The articles are taken from The Mirror, The times and Newsweek All three articles are somewhat the same circumstance, they are however portrayed in the different ways. The articles are about a outflow cutting through a cable car telegraph anyowing the cable cars to plummet to the ground, killing 20 masses. The incident happened on the 3rd of February 1998, Cavalese, Northern Italy, on Alpe Cermis.The prime(prenominal) two articles from The Mirror and The Times are reporting the narration where as Newsweek is reflecting on the accident, Newsweek besides issues the story a week and a half late, therefore cannot report the positions but reflect on them. Newsweek doesnt call for that much information on what actually happened in Cavalese, it skips over the expand of the accident and seems to be more about what Europe, and in particular It aly are concerned about. The Mirror article tends to leave certain facts out, much(prenominal) as the time it occurred, which is included in The Times account. Newsweek digestd no date of the payoff but say last weekThe Times article is definitely more factual as it contains a stack more technical jargon than The Mirror. It includes information about the U. S. fighter chiliad The Prowler is hired to shut up enemy signals electronically. none of which is found in The Mirror article, Newsweek also contains information about the fighter jet and also information about the military issues between America and Italy. The Mirror account includes a great amount of detail, by listing the names of each of the witnesses alongside their quotations. In The Times, it tends to be vague and just use the term one witness give tongue to.Newsweek uses quotes from military officials and local governance. The Times and Newsweeks report relies heavily on official interviews rather than the pas sers by which The Mirror relies upon. The Mirror also includes more quotations from the witnesses than The Times does. Newsweek does not use any quotations or interviews from eye-witnesses at the burst. Both The Mirror and The Times specify who the victims were 9 wo hands, 10 men and 1 child. And also their nationalities at least 6 were German, 2 Hungarian and 2 Polish. This causes a greater sympathy because it makes the deaths seem more important and more in depth.But Newsweek says 20 tourists from seven European countries but it is reported it is only tourists from 3 different European countries. Even the sub- advertise says that Europe questions Americas character. This all starts to bedim the indorser and so does not give an accurate picture of the incident. The says used also chasten to disagree with the facts of the incident. Words equal griped and claimed both suggest that there was nothing wrong and e genuinelyone was ganging up against America. In The Times, the wi tness interviewed is not British, so the Times keeps the story international.An unreasonable complaint is do in the offset printing line, which may show their guilt Cavalese had griped about the fighter jets that regularly roar up their Alpine river valley. In addition to this the paper attempts diluting the blame by saying that the fighter jets were just hot-dogging, also claiming that the Italian authorities condone low-flying Italian military officials routinely defended low level flights Finally, the last paragraph of the report supplies an richly tenuous link The pope had personally pleaded for the convicted murderer to be pardoned. This is designed to conceal. All three articles made use of interviews, but the manner in which they were used differed For example in The Mirror, a British couple, Neil Harmar and his girlfriend, Stacey ODonnell, gave a lengthy interview and informed us that they missed the second car by minutes. They said that all hell let loose and stated t hat they were shook up. Furthermore, they described the village as being in a state of complete pandemonium. The couple reiterated how thankful they were that they missed that car, and the fact that they were incredibly lucky to be alive. Even though the British couple did not provide a lot of information about the incident itself, they did help to describe the atmosphere and their feelings on the situation. The British couple were interviewed primarily because of the fact that they were British the target audience of this British paper are British people, therefore, the majority of people would be provoke in hearing about events concerning British citizens. All three articles had interviews with people who possessed various details about the aircraft prior to it hitting the cable car wire.In The Mirror, this interview was quite brief. Cristina Antoniazzi, the owner of a nearby hotel, said that she heard and saw a plane flying at a very low level. This message was also present i n an interview in The Times. An anonymous witness said that the jet had seemed to have technical trouble, and described the jet as screaming through the sky like a thing in torment. Another source in The Times also stated that the jet had been flying very, very low. All three of these interviews were supplied using direct speech.In contrast, the interview in Newsweek was stipulation using reported speech- Italys Air Force chief, Mario Arpino, said that the Prowler was four miles off course and was also flying 3,300 feet below the altitude designated in the flight plan. These particular interviews were used in order to provide an image of the events immediately before the plane hit the cable car. Each article also had interviews with people who objected to low flying by the Americans. In The Mirror, Regional President, Carlo Andreotti, was quoted as saying Weve had enough of these war gamesThe headline of The Mirrors article is, 20 skiers killed as jet slices cable car wire The w riter has used the word skiers to create more sympathy to the people that died as it shows that they were just innocent people on holiday who wanted to have a good time. The headline says killed as to imply it was not totally inadvertent and could have been prevented, it also shows it was unprovoked. It also says slices as this makes the incident sound more violent and deliberate and gives the reader the idea that there was no chance for the skiers inside the cable car.The article also has a a few(prenominal) more presentational devices which the broadsheet the times does not. It has a subtitle Brits tell of crime in coulomb which relates to the reader as they will be British too and will want to bang what this horror is. The first paragraph is in bold, which shows it is different from the lodge of the article because it is there to sum up the rest of the article. The article has a box with a quote in it It opened up like a cardboard box This would attract attention to the ar ticle if the reader was flicking through the newspaper and would want to know more.At the end of the article there is a big bullet point which contains a fact about cable car accidents. This article uses language to create a much more delirious impact than The Times as it says things like, They were killed instantly when the car was ripped apart like a cardboard box. apply this metaphor is very effective as it makes the people inside seem totally helpless and creates a lot of sympathy for them. They also say, Rescuers found now survivors amid the tangled wreckage and bloodstained snow. I think this is a very effective paragraph and it creates an atmosphere of destruction and complete devastation. A graphical picture of the event in The Mirror lets the readers visualize what the scene of the accident was like, using essential details and words so that the reader can effortlessly understand the unpleasant incident. The Mirror also provides a photographical image of the scene and ann otates it using dramatic words such as doomed. The Times shows a map of the area where the event was situated, making readers aware of the location of the tourist venue.And the image of the EA-6B Prowler shows readers the cause of the tragedy. The main image higher up the text is eye catching in the way it shows workers trying to rescues any survivors. Newsweek not using any pictures, but a headline that will catch attention Blood on the Snow. The sub-heading in a box of two lines standing out making the reader aware of what the article is about. In mop up the news was best portrayed in The Mirror, it provided names of witnesses making the news much more reliable, and British citizens used as witnesses was also a good way to grad attention of British readers.

Periodic Properties Essay Example for Free

Periodic Properties EssayThe halogens F, Cl, Br and I (At has not been included because of its scarcity and nuclear instability) are very reactive non-metals that occur in the penultimate grouping of the periodic table, hence they all require just one electron to empty their valence shell.All of the segments exists as diatomic molecules (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) in which the atoms are joined by single covalent bonds. handout great deal a group of the periodic table, for successive elements there are more slide fastener levels filled with electrons, so the outer electors are in higher energy levels and farther from the nucleus. Fluorine and centilitre are gases, bromine a liquid and one a hale that forms a purple vaporization on heating. The halogens are all quite electronegative elements. They require just one electron to exhaust their valence shell, hence they readily gain electrons to form the singly charged halide ions (F,Cl,Br,I). The ease with which they gain electrons gained is further from the nucleus and hence less strongly attracted. This means that, in contrast to the alkali metals, the reactivity of the halogens decreases red ink down the group.Method1) Test the solubility of Iodine1. A very small amount of tincture of one was put into body of pee, cyclohexane and KI(aq) respectively2. The colourise swaps of the solutions and the solubility in all(prenominal) solvent were recorded2) Test iodine reacts with starch1. Three drops of I2-KI solution were put into a test tube2. A few drops of starch solution were added after that3. The colouring material of solution was recorded3) Test the acid-base properties1. A few drops of chlorine pissing were put in a test surface, and it was tested with habitual power paper2. This was repeated beginning base apply water and then using iodine solution instead of the chlorine water3. The colorize changes were recorded4) Displacements surrounded by halogen elements1. 2cm reconditeness of each( prenominal) aqueous solution sodium chloride, green bromide and potassium iodide were put into 3 respective test tubes and labeled2. An equal volume of chlorine water was added into each test tube and the results were recorded3. A little hexane was added to form a separate upper degree of a non-polar solvent4. The mixtures were shook and the changes were recorded5. Step 1, 2, 3 and 4 were repeated first using water and then iodine solution instead of chlorine water5) Tests for halide ions Halide ions (Cl-, Br- and I-) with fluid ions1. About 1cm depth of aqueous sodium chloride was put into a test tube2. A little aqueous silver nitrate was added and then the observations were recorded3. The test tube was placed in a sunny place, and left(p) there for about 5 minutes and then it was take ind again4. Step 1, 2 and 3 were repeated using aqueous potassium bromide, then aqueous potassium iodide instead of sodium chloride? info Collection?1) The solubility of iodine in different solv entColorSolubilityWater paleInsolubleCyclohexane purpurateSolubleEthanolYellowSolubleKI(aq)Yellow-brownSoluble2) Test iodine reacts with starchThe color of the solution is black.3) Test the acid-base propertiesCl2Br2I2-KIpH value43124) Displacements between halogen elementsThe color change of the solution after Cl2, Br2, I2 added into NaCl, KBr and KI respectivelyCl2Br2I2NaClNo changeNo changeBrownKBr lookout man colour solutionNo changeBrownKIyellowyellowBrownThe color of the upper beds of the solution after hexane addedCl2Br2I2NaClNo changeNo changePurple redKBrPale purpleNo changePurple redKIpurplePale purplePurple red5) Tests for halide ionsHalide ions (Cl-, Br- and I-) with silver ionsNaClWhite precipitate is producedDarkens after it was placed in cheerKBrCream precipitate is produced.KIYellow precipitate is produced.?Data Analysis?1) The solubility of iodine in different solventsThe solubility is larger in non-polar solvent (water, ethanol) and smaller in polar solvents.(cyl ohexane and KI) The purple color of iodine in cyclohexane is that because in non-polar solvents, iodine froms the violet solution.2) Test iodine reacts with starchAccording to the cosmopolitan knowledge we knew, the phenomenon of this reaction should be blue, but the color observed was black-green. That was because whatever of the starch hydrolysis in water and produced something could make the color darker.3) Test the acid-base properties1. Cl2The color of the universal indicator papers showed that Cl2 is strong acid.2. Br2The color of the universal indicator papers showed that Br2 is a kind of acid, but not very strong.3. I2The color of the universal indicator papers showed that I2 is a strong base. Actually, I2 is acid. The reason is that the original color of I2 is red-brown, that made us cant give ear the phenomenon clearly.4) Displacements between halogen elementsAs what I mentioned above in background, the rule of advisements between halogen elements is that more reactive ones displace less reactive ones.Thats the reason why Br -cant displace Cl -, and I -cant displace Br and Cl-. When there was no reaction between deuce elements, the color we observed was the blend of original colours of the less reactive element and the solution containing the more reactive element. If theres a reaction between two elements, the color we can observe is the color of the displaced element.According to the information we got from Internet, we knew hexane is a kind of oil and is insoluble in water-solvent. That was the reason why we could differentiate the two layers of each solution very clearly.The colors of each solutions infra layer were the original colors of the saline solutions. There were two kinds of instances of the color of upper layer of each solution. For the solutions those do not have I ion, they were colorless. Thats because hexane is colorless and cannot react with Cl or Br -. Another instance is that the solutions include I -, when I meets hexa ne, it lead show the color of itself. That was why we could observe color of purple in this experiment.5) Test for halide ionsWhen halide ions dissolved into silver salts, then the precipitate is appear commonly.The albumin precipitate is AgCl AgNO3+NaClAgCl+NaNO3The off-white precipitate is AgBr AgNO3+KBrAgBr+NaNO3The pale yellow precipitate is AgI AgNO3+NaIAgI+NaNO3After 10 minutes under the sunshine, photodissociation happened on all of them, so the black precipitate on the bottoms of three test tubes are the products of photodissociation.1. Going down the group, the elements of this group have the same effective nuclear charge. Atomic radius of these elements becomes bigger because of the enlarge of the number of energy levels. The attraction between nucleus and valence electrons gets weaker. Less energy is required to prohibit the first electron from one mole of gaseous atoms. The ionization energy exit down the group decreases. The ability to attract electrons becomes wea ker. The electronegativity going down the group decreases.2. Organic solvents always contain the element carbon. Inorganic solvents dont contain the element carbon. The most common solvent, water, is an example of an inorganic solvent. There are umpteen more organic solvents than inorganic solvents. Compare with organic and inorganic solvent, the solubility of iodine is higher in organic solvent.3. The oxidizing power of the halogens decrease going down the group as the size of the atoms increase going down the group as the size of the atoms increases and the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons becomes less. In that case, going down the group, the elements become less powerful oxidising agents. This means that a higher halogen will displace a move halogen from its salts. A lower halogen cannot displace a higher halogen from its salts.4. When starch reacts with iodine, the typical blue black color will appear. Thats a good way for us to identify starch and iodine.5. Af ter photodissociation, the color of some precipitates will change. will become black. Thats the most obvious one. Other precipitates will become darken.1. Because we use solid iodine in the first experiment. If we add the solvent into the test tube first, the test tube will be wet and the solid iodine we put in later will attach on the surface inside instead of fall into the liquid. For this reason we must add solid iodine first in experiment 1.2. According to the first experiment, we found that the solubility of iodine in pure water is very low. But the solubility of iodine in potassium iodide solution is relatively much higher. So we use I2-KI solution to increase the amount of iodine in order to let the phenomenon more obvious. credit1) Chemistry(for use with the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme)3rd Edition John Green Sadru DamjiFirst published in 2007 by IBID Press, Victoria, Page 77 to 78.2) http//www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/hexane.html3) http//baike.baidu.com/view /373611.htm4) http//baike.baidu.com/view/908645.htm

The impact of increased life expectancy on community health, locally and nationally Essay Example for Free

The impact of increase life expectancy on community health, locally and nationally EssayThere is constantly a rise in the life expectancy in the US, due to the improved healthcargon system. New symptomatic interventions, treatment techniques, incorporation of preventive strategies, and drugs have enabled to increase the quantity of life. Deaths from several diseases including cardiovascular, cancer, etc, continue to decrease. In the division 2003, the life-expectancy of an American was found to be about 77.6 eld, whereas in the year 1990, it was 75.4. There continue to be a rise in the life-expectancy. There is as well a difference in the life-expectancy between men and women. As in the year 2003, men live about 5.3 years shorter than women.However, individuals in the elderly group are more often affected with continuing diseases such(prenominal) as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, musculoskeletal diseases, etc. The difficulty has become more implike than ev er before. About 50 % of the individuals between 55 to 65 years are affected with hypertension, and 40 % have obesity. As the health and the quality of life of the Americans are soon poor, the pressure on the healthcare system has all the more increased. People are having a really poor lifestyle and do not follow proper dietary and exercise patterns, which could increase the attempt of degenerative diseases.One of the huge impacts has been on the costs of providing healthcare. Inflation needs to be a major consideration. Considering inflation, providing healthcare for a year of increased lifespan, can increase spending by about $ 20, 000 a year. In the 1970s, this cost was about $ 7, 400. Is it justified to provide healthcare when the effect is going to be severe on public savings? The costs of providing healthcare to senior citizens have increased drastically. The incidence of chronic disease on elders is even great, and it would be very costly to provide healthcare to manage chronic diseases.An increased life-span would also mean greater need for healthcare professionals belonging to respective(a) fields and various specializations. The demand for healthcare in the US has constantly been rising, and an increased lifespan would mean employing more lag especially to care for seniors with special needs. There has been an increasing demand for institutions that provide health education and also students who find the healthcare field promising and would pick up a career in such a field.However, the need for individuals to join the healthcare sector is high and hence, an increasing life-expectancy would create an even greater problem. As the US cannot meet with the demand for healthcare professionals by itself, it would have to obtain the resources from outside the country. These piece resources require further training to ensure that healthcare is provided according to the US standards.ReferencesMedical News today (September 4, 2006). U.S. Health Care S ystem Offers Good Value In Terms Of feel Expectancy Gains despite Rising Costs, Study Finds, Retrieved on August 22, 2008, from Medical News Today Web site http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/50922.phpStobbe, M. (2006). U.S. Life Expectancy Hits All-Time High, Retrieved on August 22, 2008, from Breit Brat Web site http//www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D8ECEHUO0show_article=1

The Importance of A Project Management Office Essay Example for Free

The Importance of A Project prudence smear EssayProject management squeeze out be a tedious prank especially if the personnel or department in dissipate is already loaded with tons of work. It may be hard to cope up with the schedule, time pressure, workload, and another(prenominal) factors. In line with this, the task of treatment such tasks must be assigned to a narrow department spangn as Project prudence index. What is a Project Management king? A Project Management federal agency is a unit or department functioning within a business, comp both, or agency that is charged with defining and maintaining encounter management standards within the company. The main objective of this self-confidence is to achieve beneficial gains from setting uniform policies, processes, and methods in managing despatchs(Search CIO. com, n. d). The Project Management Office will give direction, metrics connected with practices concerning project management and implementation. The pri nciples, methods, and practices of managing a project are based from Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) or Project in Controlled Environment (PRINCE2). These models complies with the specifications related to ISO9000 as well as in government regulation specifications(Search CIO. om, n. d).Essentially, the job of the Project Management Office is to perform related to a certain project and to work for the completion of the project. The PMO may from time to time update management regarding the emplacement and problems of the project so that they can come up with decisions which are congruent to the goals and objectives of the firm(Search CIO. com, n. d). The Kinds of Project Management Office There are three varieties of project management offices that are suitable for organizations in discordant phases of developing a project.Each of them have their own pros and cons. Here is a brief explanation of the different kinds of project management offices(Billows, 2006). The Weat her Station With this kind of PMO, the person-in-charge of the project is aware of what is going on with the project more thanover does not make any action to influence it. The project officer just disseminates information without bothering the ladder of work(Billows, 2006). This kind of office is most suitable in organizations that have just started in project management.The job of this kind of office is usually limited because the non-homogeneous line managers usually experience difficulties in incorporating various projects into their management duties(Billows, 2006). The Control Tower In contrast to the first variety, this kind of PMO provides the commission that the project managers cogency need. Although they are still doing their tasks, the project managers are being instructed by the project officer. They are liable for any glitch that will happen to the project(Billows, 2006). The Squadron CommanderJust like in the Control Tower, the Squadron Commander provides guidan ce to the project managers. However, the SC closely supervises all the people handling the project. There might be instances of successes and shortcomings moreover the Squadron Commander is held resposible for the general performance of the department(Billows, 2006). The disadvantage of this kind of office is that the personnel who have the technical know how as well as the most credible managers are doing multiple tasks aside from their main job. away from that, the job of allocating resources and prioritizing projects can go out of hand. Another problem that Squadron Commanders is that management may be indecisive in injecting company-wide standards related to project tracking and approval(Billows, 2006). History of Project Management Office The concept of modernistic project management can be traced to only a few decades back. During the 1960s, businesses and other firms discovered the advantages of organizing project tasks.Most companies developed an understanding on how cruc ial it is for their staff to establish communication and col labor partyation duration incorporating their jobs with several departments and professions, and in certain instances, with several industries(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). The Early Years During the later years of the nineteenth century, at a time when businesses were becoming intricate, the corporate world began to see the evolution of project handling from simple management principles. Wide-scale government initiatives became the foundation for project management processes and principles.During the time that the United States was constructing the transcontinental dragoon during the 1860s, business leaders were faced with the tough task of coordinating with workers who will engage in manual labor as well as in producing and processing of a large number of lovesome materials(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). Into The Twentieth Century Frederick Taylor started to made further studies of work. Using scientific reasonin g, he proved that labor can be evaluated and enhanced by concentrating on its staple fibre elements.Taylor applied this view in various jobs found in steel mills, such as shoveling and lifting and transporting parts. At that time, the only method of increasing productivity is through with(predicate) hard work and extended working hours. Taylor believed that productivity can be improved through efficient work instead of exerting more effort and work extension(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). Henry Gantt, an associate of Taylor, extensively studied the sequence of operations in work. His research delved on navy ship manufacturing during World struggle I.He developed the Gantt Charts, which comes with task bars and milestone markers, as a tool for outlining the order and result of all tasks in a prcess. These illustrations proved to be a powerful aid for managers that there were no modifications for almost a century. In the early part of the 1990s, Microsoft Corporation introduced MS Project which included link lines to the tasks bars, showing a more accurate relationship between the differen tasks. Over the years, Microsoft Office became an even more powerful tool(Microsoft Office Online, n. ).His contribution merited Gantt with a patent from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. In the years leading to the Second World War, new approaches to marketing, human relations, and industrial psychology, became vital components of project management(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). Middle 20th Century The Second World War necessitated the need for new organizational patterns. intricate network illustrations, like PERT charts and critical path method were developed, providing managers with greater control over complicated projects.As the demand for new management techniqes increased, these tools extended to various industries. General system theories were applied by businesses in their business dealings during the early part of the 1960s(Microsoft Office Onl ine, n. d). New Trends In Project Management In the last decade, project management continued to develop. At present, there are two trends evolving to wit bottom-up planning and top-down planning and reviewing(Microsoft Office Online, n. d).Bottom-up planning, also called agile project management, involves basic project designs, shorter project chain, efficient cooperation between members of the team, solid involvement of team members in the decision process. customary methos used in this trend are Scrum, Unified Process, Extreme Programming, Crystal, to name just a few(Microsoft Office Online, n. d). In top-down planning and reviewing, the entire organization is involved in making decisions concerning the various projects of the organization(Microsoft Office Online, n. d).